地平线系列：失落的部族（2016）

尼安德特人和丹尼索瓦人在约70万年前
We know that Neanderthals and Denisovans split off
与晚期智人分离
from modern humans around 700,000 years ago.
这组远古序列在约70到80万年前
And this archaic sequence split off from modern humans
从晚期智人中分离出来
probably 700,000 to 800,000 years ago.
5万到8万年前
And there's gene flow from this
有部分基因从这群神秘的
mystery group of archaic individuals from Africa
远古非洲人身上
into the ancestors of present-day Africans,
流动到当今非洲人的祖先身上
50,000 to 80,000 years ago.
因此他们是幸存者
So they were survivors,
除此之外我们知道的并不多
and we don't know much else about them.
只知道他们的化石遗骨可能
Except that their fossil remains
埋藏在非洲某处
may be out there in Africa somewhere,
等待被发现
waiting to be discovered.
最吸引我的是
And what's fascinating to me is that
不用发掘化石
we can make these inferences
也不用从化石中提取古老的DNA
not by discovering fossils
而仅仅通过对比
or ancient DNA extracted from a fossil,
当今非洲人的基因序列变异
but simply by looking at the DNA sequence variation
就能够论证推论
that is present in modern African individuals.
这为研究人类历史大开方便之窗
And it provides this amazing window into human history
让我们得以补充人类谱系缺失的细枝末节
and allows us to find these missing twigs of the human family tree.
DNA证明了不同人种之间的基因混合
DNA evidence of genetic mixture between different forms of human
此证据或许也能解决
might also help solve the mystery of certain fossils
一些化石并不完全吻合人种分类之谜
that don't fit neatly into our standard categories.
比如说 这枚头骨就具有混合特型
This skull, for instance, has a mixture of characteristics.
有些部分看起来已经超过了十万年
Some of which look over 100,000 years old,
其他部分只有一万四千年
others only 14,000 years old.
这该怎么解释呢
So, how do you explain that?
至少从理论上来讲
Well, theoretically at least,
我们提出这样一个想法
we can put forward the idea that
或许某些像海德堡智人
maybe something like Homo heidelbergensis
或是早期智人的人类
or a very primitive form of Homo sapiens
在西非中部生存了很久
survived for much longer in central West Africa,
然后和晚期智人杂交
then interbred with the later forms of Homo sapiens.
因此才有了这块带有混种现象的化石
And here we've got a fossil that reflects that interbreeding.
古老的失落群体间存在混种的可能性
The possibility of ancient interbreeding with the lost tribes
这使得专家们对许多其他化石进行了重估
is causing experts to re-evaluate many other fossils, too.
不同群落间
You know, there was a lot of exchange of interactions
存在很多交集
between these different groups,
所以我们真的得用一种新的眼光
so we really have to look with new eyes
来看待这些旧化石记录
to the old fossil records.
有很多化石样本不符合现行理论
There are many of these fossil samples that don't fit the story,
玛丽亚·马提农-托雷斯博士 伦敦大学学院
是因为这个理论提出时还没有发现它们
because indeed, the story was built without them.
古代人类混种的证据会不会
Could fossil evidence of ancient interbreeding
一直都摆在我们面前呢
have been staring us in the face?
还有许多被发掘出来的
There are many fossils being found
我都不知道是什么的化石
that I don't quite know what they are.
我觉得会有一些惊喜
I think there will be surprises coming there.
可能会有更多人类混种的证据
Those could be further evidence of this interbreeding,
不仅仅是和尼安德特人和丹尼索瓦人
not just Neanderthals and Denisovans,
其他人类群落之间也有混种
other examples of interbreeding, too.
而新的人种并不止于这些
And the new species don't stop here.
专家们的想法现在更为开放
Experts are now much more open to the idea
认为也许还有古老的人类部落
that there probably are other archaic human tribes
等待着被鉴别出来
yet to be properly identified.
我认为如果我们能研究更多不同地区的个体
I think as we look in more geographically diverse individuals,
很可能会发现
that there's a real potential that we'll discover
人类谱系的新分枝
other branches of the human family tree.
还有很多东西等着我们去发现和理解
We still have a lot to discover and to understand,
所以这是新的群落还是新的种族
so whether it is new groups or new species,
或是需要我们识别的
or whether we have to start recognising those
不同原始人群落混血的后代
that were the result of an interchange between different hominid groups,
我也不知道
I don't know.
但肯定比我们想象的要复杂
But it's going to be something much more complicated than we thought.
所以 当晚期智人走出非洲时
So, when modern humans spread out from Africa,
他们面对的与我们今天熟知的世界大不一样
they encountered a very different world to the one we know today.
这张由化石
The picture that is emerging from fossils,
古代DNA片段
from scraps of ancient DNA
和现代DNA所构成的图画
and from modern DNA
展现了一个重叠的人类族群世界
is a world of overlapping human groups.
现在已知尼安德特人曾在欧洲
It's now known that there were Neanderthals living in Europe,
中东 甚至是亚洲边界生活
the Middle East, and even nudging into Asia.
丹尼索瓦人则是在西亚
Denisovans in western Asia, but in all likelihood,
但他们十有八♥九♥也住在亚洲和东南亚
they lived right across Asia and South East Asia.
佛罗勒斯霍比特人自给自足
Floresian hobbits, minding their own business,
在印度尼西亚一个偏僻的岛上与世隔绝
cut off on a remote island in Indonesia.
至今无名的古代非洲人 即幸存者们
As yet nameless archaic Africans, the survivors.
还有我们
And us.
晚期智人
Modern humans.
智人
Homo sapiens.
终级流浪者
The ultimate wanderers.
虽源于非洲
Originally from Africa,
但是他们不停地反复探索地球
but then restlessly, repeatedly exploring the globe.
事实证明
And it turns out that
我们的理论并不取决于我们来自哪里
our story is not so much about where we came from,
而是人类进化过程中的交♥配♥史
but who we slept with on the way.
最近人们从基因研究得到了极大的启发
The recent revelations emerging largely from a genetic research
对修正人类谱系有很大帮助
are helping us to update our family tree.
所以我们知道至少还有...
So we know that there is at least...
另一个古代非洲人群 甚至是一个人种
One other African archaic population, perhaps even species...
可以追溯到八十万年前的分岔点
Going back about 800,000 years ago, to the branch point there.
而且我们在现代人身上检测到了他们的基因
And we've got DNA from that coming into modern humans.
当然 这不是我们第一次发现
And, of course, that wasn't the first glimpse that we've had
我们携带着其他人种的基因了
of genes coming in from other species.
我们的第一大发现是
The first indication we had was that
有一些尼安德特人基因
there was some Neanderthal genes
留存在现代人类基因中
coming this way into modern humans.
不出所料 现在我们发现有现代人类基因
Now we've got evidence that there are modern human genes,
存在于尼安德特人的基因中
not surprisingly, going back in the opposite direction.
我们还有丹尼索瓦人的基因
We've also got genes coming in from the Denisovans.
还有其他古人类的基因混入丹尼索瓦人的基因
And there are other archaics coming into Denisovans
也在某时混进了尼安德特人的基因
and also into Neanderthals at some point, too.
我觉得人类谱系整理到今天这步
I think it's been quite difficult to come to this
十分不易
concept of the family tree of humanity.
我们似乎太执着于
We seem to have been so wedded
线性结构
to that idea of a linear progression.
但现在我们可以看出
And what we can see now is
这的确是一个人类谱系 但不仅如此
that it is a family tree, but not just that.
这也是一张错综复杂的关系网
It's a tangled web of connections as well.
我们的基因就像马赛克
Our DNA is a mosaic.
其中包含着其他种族的蛛丝马迹
It contains traces of these other species.
我们身上回荡着
We contain echoes of the lost tribes
失落部族的回音
of humanity within us.
所以我想 从基因角度看我们都是混血儿
So I suppose you could say we are genetic mongrels.
但我们的理论还有最后一个问题
But there's one final twist in our story.
一个人人体内都有的秘密
A secret that each of us carries inside.
我们现代基因组内的古代基因
The archaic DNA within our modern genomes
并没有失去功能
is not defunct.
它对我们的生命仍有深远的影响
It continues to have a profound effects on our lives today.
在西雅图
In Seattle,
乔什·阿奇利用现代数据技术
Josh Akey is taking advantage of modern data techniques
来检查我们的健康状况
to look at our health.
过去十年间
There's been amazing technological innovations
涌现了许多惊人的技术创新
that have happened over the last decade.
可以处理大量数据的计算能力
Computing power to be able to crunch all the numbers,
让我们得以大规模访问基因数据
that allows us to access genomic data on a scale
其规模是几年前想都不敢想的
that wasn't really even imaginable a few years ago.
乔什已经分♥析♥了基因数据
Josh has analysed the genetic data
和两万八千人的详细健康记录
and detailed health records of 28,000 people.
两万八千人能填满半个体育场