地平线系列：失落的部族（2016）

我们认为人类是特殊的
We like to think that humans are special.
我们也的确特殊
And we are.
但我们并非独一无二
But we're not one of a kind.
过去的三四万年 在人类历史上颇为独特
The past 30 to 40,000 years in human history are really unique
因为没有其他人种存在
in that we are alone on the planet.
更早些时候 我们总会
Earlier, there were always
在这个星球上遇到不同种类的人
different forms of humans around that we met,
和他们彼此融合
and would mix with each other.
我们现在已知
We now know that there were
至少有四种不同类型的人
at least four other distinct types of human
在同一时期 与我们共存在于这个星球上
on the planet at the same time as us.
甚至可能还有其他我们尚不清楚的种族
Maybe there were even others that we don't know about yet.
除了我们 其他种族都已随时光流逝消失了
And all of them, except us, are now lost in time.
在这个时代研究人类起源是非常激动人心的
Studying human origins at this time is very, very exciting,
因为故事一直在改变
because the story keeps changing.
我们现在确实是在书写历史
We are really writing it now.
渐渐地 我们发现他们曾收集羽毛
More and more, we've found that they were getting feathers
以某种方式穿在身上以作装饰
for ornamentation, to wear them in some way.
我们现在得知 我们智人
And we now know that we, Homo sapiens,
与这些其他类型的人是有联♥系♥的
made contact with these other humans.
当我们首次发现 我们曾和其他种族交♥配♥时
When we got the first result that suggested that there had been interbreeding,
所有人都很怀疑
we were very sceptical, all of us.
基于化石进行研究的传统古人类学
Traditional palaeoanthropology, based on fossils,
正在被遗传学方法取代
is being transformed by genetics.
恰好搜寻这些失落部族的先行者们
And right at the vanguard in the hunt for these lost tribes
正是研究现代和古代DNA的科学家
are scientists digging into modern and ancient DNA.
在未来几年中 我们会用有力证据表明
Over the next few years, we'll be able to convincingly show
有很多类型的人
that there are multiple forms of human
并没有化石资料供我们研究
that we have no fossil data for,
他们存在过的唯一证据就在我们的DNA中
and the only evidence of their existence is in our DNA.
这些其他种类的古人类都是谁
Who were all these other ancient humans?
他们长什么样
What did they look like?
都去了哪里
And where did they all go?
这些问题的答案将深入触及核心
The answers to these questions strike deep into the core
即我们认为自己是谁
of who we think we are
并揭示至少部分失落的古代部族
and reveal that at least parts of these ancient lost tribes
至今依然存在
are still alive today.
地平线 失落的人类部族
进化论解释了地球上物种的多样性
Evolution explains the diversity of life on Earth.
但我们 这个最终存活下来的物种
But for us, the species who worked it out,
携带着特殊的信息
it holds a special message.
我们起源于古猿
We are descended from ancient apes.
从记事起
And I've been fascinated
这幅画面就使我陶醉
by this image for as long as I can remember.
这是人类进化的标志性图景
It's such an iconic image of human evolution,
爱丽丝·罗伯茨教授
伯明翰大学
从指节行走的古猿
starting off with this knuckle-walking ancient ape
演化到能稍微直立行走的猿人
and then this ape who is standing a bit more upright.
然后就有了尼安德特人
And then we have the Neanderthal,
仍有些屈背 而最后就是
still a bit stooped, and then finally,
拿着长矛的克罗马侬人站在这里
Cro-Magnon man with his spear here,
而他已经准备好进化成真正的现代人了
and he's well on his way to being a truly modern human.
但这并不是人类进化的真实画面
But this isn't the real picture of human evolution.
在众多线索中分♥析♥谁才是我们的真正祖先
Piecing together who our ancestors actually were
是一项非凡的科学探索
has been an extraordinary scientific adventure.
一个神秘 给人启示的神奇故事
A dramatic story of mystery and revelation.
我们需要一幅全新的画面来取代旧有思维
What we need is a new image to replace that old iconic one.
我们可以先从一个谱系开始研究
So, we can start off with a lineage,
这个谱系并没有分支
which is just one line
最终在约20万年前消失了
that eventually ends up around 200,000 years ago
消失在成为我们现代人的过程中
being us, being modern humans.
从解剖学和遗传学角度
Anatomically and genetically,
我们已经能算作一个物种
we have arrived as a species.
那么我们到底是从尼安德特人进化而来
So did we evolve from Neanderthals,
还是像有些人怀疑的
or are they, as some suspected,
他们是一个完全独♥立♥出来 不同的人类谱系
a completely separate and distinct human lineage?
天亮了
It's dawn.
尼安德特人的一支狩猎小队
A small hunting party of Neanderthals
正悄悄地追踪他们的猎物
are silently stalking their prey.
他们在看似无边无际的森林中无拘无束
They are at home in the seemingly endless forest.
但他们迟早会从地球上消失
But they will, in time, disappear from the Earth.
尼安德特人是典型的穴居人
Neanderthals were the archetypal cave dwellers...
体格健壮 身材矮小 肌肉发达
..thick set, short and muscular,
长着典型的突出眉骨
with a characteristically heavy brow ridge.
通常认为他们的智力远不及我们
They were thought to be much less intelligent than us.
很多人仍旧把尼安德特人
Many people still think of the Neanderthal
当作一群头脑简单且残暴的人
as a simple-minded, thuggish people.
但近来 一些相当出人意料的发现
But recent, quite often unexpected discoveries,
迫使我们重新审视这种认识
are forcing us to confront that perception.
考古学家克莱夫·芬莱森和他的团队确信
Archaeologist Clive Finlayson and his team are convinced
这种对尼安德特人过分简单化的印象是错误的
that this simplistic impression of Neanderthals is wrong.
我们在直布罗陀的这些洞穴里
We've been working in these caves in Gibraltar
已经工作了25年多了
now for over 25 years.
这些洞穴里发现尼安德特人的踪迹
We have dates in these caves now with Neanderthals
距今仅有三万两千年
as recently as 32,000 years ago.
这意味着此处是尼安德特人最后的栖息地
That would make this the last site where Neanderthals lived.
克莱夫·芬莱森教授
直布罗陀博物馆
作为已经消失的尼安德特人最后的避难所
This, the last known refuge of a lost tribe of Neanderthals,
这里发掘出了成千的骨头和手工品
has produced thousands of bones and artefacts.
几乎为我们展现了这一地区
It presents us with almost a total picture of Neanderthal life
尼安德特人生活的全貌
in this part of the world.
家族在此生活
Families were living here,
在此过夜 外出打猎并搜集食物
sleeping here and going out to hunt and forage from here.
我认为对长得像猿猴的尼安德特人的成见
In my view, the stereotype of the ape-like Neanderthal
正在改变 人们开始意识到
I think is changing. People are realising,
即使在解剖学上 我们的祖先
even anatomically, that there may be physical differences
与他们可能存在身体上的不同
between our ancestors and them,
但他们并不如我们曾经想象的那样巨大
but they're not as huge as we thought, once upon a time.
真正改变我们想法的是文明方面的证据
What is really changing our view is the cultural evidence,
我们曾以为文明是现代人独有的能力
the evidence of the abilities that we thought only we had
也是我们能在全球繁衍的原因
and caused our expansion across the globe.
我们开始意识到
And we're beginning to realise that
尼安德特人和我们并没有那么大的区别
Neanderthals were not that different.
过去 专家们认为
In the past, experts suggested that
尼安德特人没有计划能力
Neanderthals were incapable of planning,
也没有超前思维
of thinking two or three steps ahead.
这根本不是事实
That's not true at all.
这些人对他们所处的环境十分熟悉
These people knew their environment very well,
他们明白自己有什么资源并能充分利用
they knew what they had here and they exploited it very well.
这可能是他们能成功存活
And that's probably the key to their success and their survival
这么长时间的主要原因
for such a long time.
尼安德特人不仅仅是
The Neanderthals were not only
一种非常成功的欧洲种族
an immensely successful European species,
我们开始认识到他们的文化与现代人相似
but we're starting to realise that they were cultured in a way
而我们曾认为这种文化为人类独有
that we thought was the sole preserve of modern humans.
线索藏在埋在这些洞穴内的鸟骨中
The clues are hidden amongst the many bird bones buried in these caves.
我们越发了解到
More and more we've found
这些骨头上的刻印就是证据
that the evidence is in the form of cut marks on the bones
我们发现鸟的翼骨上
and what we realised was that a lot of the marks were on
有许多的刻痕
the wing bones of these birds.
通过石器和在海岸上找到的死鸟
Using stone tools and dead birds found on the shoreline,
克莱夫的团队尝试了解
Clive's team have been exploring what the Neanderthals
尼安德特人当初在做些什么
might have been doing.
假如你解剖秃鹫或老鹰的翼骨
If you dissect the wing bone of a vulture or an eagle,
得到的就是一根骨头 一块腱
what you find is a bone and a tendon
以及连着皮肤的羽毛 没有肉
and the feathers attached to the skin. There's no meat,
因为要翱翔必须轻便
because you have to be lightweight to be able to soar.
因此猛禽的翼骨被切割
So if you're cutting these wing bones in the birds of prey,
一定是为了羽毛
it has to be something to do with feathers
绝非是为了肉或食物
and certainly has nothing to do with meat or food.
同时 我们发现