BBC地平线：不受控制？（2012）

But as you practise, something profound occurs.
大脑的架构开始改变
The architecture of your brain starts to change.
形成了新的高效的神经网络
New, efficient neural networks form,
这个过程被称为可塑性
a process known as plasticity.
这是神经科学中最重大的发现之一
It's one of neuroscience's biggest discoveries.
当你努力学习时
So, while you might find the process of learning hard,
凭借坚持不懈
with perseverance,
你的潜意识将通过改变自己来分担工作
your unconscious mind will rewire itself to share the load.
当动作完全自动时 它让我们
When the movements are completely automatic, it allows us
释放注意力满足其它活动所需
to free up our attentional demands for other activities.
所以现在我们能把注意力放到
And so now we can pay attention to other things
我们想做的其它事情上
that we want to do in life.
通过将复杂的动作自动化
By automating complex actions like this,
潜意识解放了你的意识
your unconscious frees your conscious mind,
也造就了独特的你
and makes you who you are.
对可塑性的发现代表了
The discovery of plasticity represents a new era
我们对大脑的认识步入一个新纪♥元♥
in our understanding of the human brain.
它揭示了潜意识
It reveals the power of the unconscious
具有适应并形成新联接的能力
to adapt and form new connections.
但科学家们很疑惑
But scientists are wondering
这股力量会不会失控呢
whether this power can get out of control.
医生们正在一个舒适
It's something that doctors are researching
而独特的实验室中研究这个问题
in a rather pleasant and exclusive laboratory.
亚利桑那州有美国最好的高尔夫球场之一
One of America's finest golf courses, here in Arizona.
他们正在研究许多资深高尔夫球手遭遇的诅咒
They're studying the curse of many experienced golfers...
易普症
the yips.
易普症的特征性症状是
The yips is a symptom which golfers describe
高尔夫球手在推杆时
in which they get a twisting,
查尔斯·阿德勒医生
亚利桑那州梅奥诊所
在击球前一秒不到的时间内
a twitching, a jerking movement during the time of putting,
突然出现的扭转和抽搐
and less than a second before actually striking the ball,
是一种不自主运动
the involuntary movement occurs.
这种无法控制的抽搐会妨碍最有经验的球员
This uncontrollable twitch can stop the most experienced players
完成最简单的推杆
sinking the simplest putts.
高尔夫专家汤姆·威尔科特斯
Expert golfer Tom Wilcox
对这个病症再了解不过
knows this only too well.
我的高尔夫职业生涯已有40年了
I've been a golf professional for 40 years
在竞争如此激烈的形势下 这绝对是个麻烦
and it certainly has been a problem in competitive situations
因为得了易普症后 手部
because when you get the yips, you literally
会感觉到有微小的痉挛
can feel a little jerk in your hands,
这会影响到推杆的杆头
and you can feel it affect the blade of the putter,
然后球就会偏离路线 或者飞得太远
and the ball goes off line, or goes too far,
美国职业高尔夫球协会 职业大♥师♥
汤姆·威尔科特斯
或者不够远 显然就需要更多次击球
or doesn't go far enough, so obviously that's more strokes,
在高尔夫中得低分能拿钱 得高分就拿不到
and they pay money for low scores, not for high scores in golf.
数年来 大家一直认为易普症只是
For years, the yips has been thought of simply
高尔夫球手因压力过大而崩溃的表现
as golfers crumbling under pressure.
但是阿德勒医生怀疑其中还有更多原因
But Dr Adler suspects that there might be more to it
而不仅仅是为激烈的比赛而惊慌
than choking in the heat of competition.
他的研究带着他
His research here has taken him
深入了解大脑神秘的运作机制
deep into the mysterious workings of the brain itself.
-绷紧肌肉 -好的
- Make a muscle. - OK.
今天 阿德勒医生和他的助理卢安
Today, Dr Adler and his assistant, Luann,
准备观察易普症是否可能
are attempting to see if the yips might be caused
由大脑的失控而引起
by the brain getting out of control.
我们将记录屈腕肌 伸腕肌 肱二头肌
We're going to record from wrist flexor, extensor, bicep,
肱三头肌和三角肌的情况
tricep and deltoid.
首先他们给汤姆接线 监测他的肌肉
First they wire up Tom, to monitor the messages his muscles
从大脑接收到的信息
receive from his brain.
我要变成机器高尔夫球手了 对吗
I'll be a bionic golfer, right?
他们要寻找一个会泄密的信♥号♥♥
They're looking for a tell-tale signal
让它告诉我们问题所在
which might reveal the problem.
我需要你戴上这副数码手套
What I would like you to do is slip on this CyberGlove.
最后戴上一副制♥作♥精巧的手套
Last on is a sophisticated glove which will record
它能精确地记录下汤姆推杆时的腕部动作
Tom's exact wrist movements as he putts.
它能够让我们测量各个关节的动作
And what it does is, it allows us to measure movement
这样就可以观察推杆击球时的
at all of the different joints, to look at what happens
手指活动和手部活动
to finger movements and hand movements during the putting stroke.
这可不是我平常打高尔夫时的穿戴
It's, er, not exactly how I normally dress for golf,
我估计推杆时的感觉
so I suspect that this is going to be an interesting
肯定很有意思
feeling when I get to putting.
这幅手套能精准地显示汤姆手的位置
The glove shows Tom's exact hand position,
他推杆时一有抽搐就能显示出来
it will reveal any twitches as he putts.
很好 活动手腕
Good, and move the wrist.
很好
Perfect.
接下来的半小时 汤姆反复推杆
For the next half-hour, Tom putts repetitively,
创建出一幅大脑传出的信♥号♥♥图
to build a picture of the signals flowing from his brain.
真是难以捉摸 不是吗
It's an elusive little thing, isn't it?
天啊
Oh, God!
-你有什么感觉吗 -我抽搐了一下
- Do you feel anything? - I did that one.
很多次 当汤姆要推杆时
Often, as Tom attempts to make a putt,
他的手腕都会明显地抽搐一下
there is a distinct twitch in his wrist.
真是讨厌
That was nasty.
这项研究才刚开展 但是研究假设来源于
This research is only new, but the hypothesis,
其它研究得到的证据 即对某些高尔夫球手
based on evidence from other studies, is that in some golfers,
易普症也许由于大脑的传导错误而引发
the yips may be caused by faulty wiring in the brain.
研究表明 在学习新技能的初始阶段
The suggestion is that the neural networks which form during
所建立的神经网络可能会逐渐出错
the initial process of learning new skills can start to go wrong.
结果呢
The result?
就会引发一种被称为局灶性肌张力障碍的病症
A condition known as a focal dystonia,
混乱的大脑连接会引起不自主活动
in which the rogue brain connections cause involuntary movements,
这与汤姆的抽搐有些类似
a bit like Tom's twitch.
大脑内部可能存在异常的传导路径
There may be some abnormal wiring within the brain,
这样大脑对事物的感知就发生了改变
in which the brain is perceiving things differently
脱离正常轨迹 从而导致肌肉
than one would normally perceive, and causing muscles
发生不自主的收缩
to contract involuntarily.
看来潜意识并不总能正常工作
The unconscious, it seems, doesn't always behave itself.
当科学家们开始明白大脑的工作机制时
But as scientists begin to understand how it works,
他们又开始思考是否能重新改写大脑
they're starting to wonder whether it's possible to rewire it
来解决这个问题
and solve the problem.
吉他手道格拉斯·罗杰斯希望这样可行
Guitarist Douglas Rogers hopes so.
七十年代 他是英国最顶尖的古典吉他手之一
In the 1970s, he was one of Britain's top classical guitarists,
在世界各地的举办音乐会
playing concerts worldwide.
吉他演奏会
但就和患了易普症的高尔夫球手一样
But like golfers with the yips,
他开始出现不自主的 无法控制的
he began experiencing involuntary, unconsciously-controlled
手部活动 这断送了他的职业生涯
hand movements which derailed his career.
我第一根手指弹错了
I missed the first finger, there...
为了解决这个问题
To solve this problem,
他来到了伦敦大学学院
he's come to University College London
尝试一种激进的新疗法
to try a radical new treatment.
似乎越来越不可靠了...
It seems to get more and more unreliable...
马克·爱德华兹医生
Dr Mark Edwards,
是一位主治运动障碍的专家
an expert in movement disorders,
他想要探入道格拉斯大脑深部
is going to try treating Douglas, by attempting to access
尝试治疗他
the hidden depths of Douglas's brain.
一切都乱了套...
So everything's a mess...
当你要做一个动作时
When you make a movement,
伦敦大学学院 神经学学院
马克·道格拉斯医生
大脑通常会命令一块肌肉活动
the brain usually activates one muscle
并主动让其它肌肉休息
and actively turns off other muscles,
这样我们就能做出精准动作
that's why we can make very precise movements,
这叫做周边抑制
that's something called surround inhibition,
这对每个人都很有意义
it's a very useful thing for everybody,
尤其对弹奏乐器的人更甚
but particularly for playing a musical instrument.
我们知道患有手部肌张力障碍的人
And we know that that process seems to go wrong
这个处理过程出现了问题
in people with hand dystonia.
我们要尝试做的就是
So what we're going to try and do
小心地启动大脑的这个机制
is to deliberately turn up this mechanism in the brain,
以抑制那些你不希望出现的动作
that should inhibit movements that you don't want.
为此 小组准备尝试教大脑学习
To do this, the team attempts to teach Douglas's brain