地平线系列：认识自闭症（2014）

He's a calendrical calculator.
那天是周六
That was a Saturday.
这意味着你任意给他个过去或未来的日期
Which means you can give him a date in the past or future
他都能告诉你那天是周几
and he'll tell you which day of the week it falls on.
周四
Thursday.
-1936年 -那天是周二
- 1936. - That was a Tuesday.
肯尼激起了心理学家的强烈兴趣
Kenny's of huge interest to psychologists,
他们想知道他是如何拥有如此惊人的能力
who want to know how he has acquired this remarkable skill
尽管他患有语言障碍
despite his language difficulties.
他和妈妈哈丽特
He and his mum Harriet
曾经一起到伦敦教育学院
have come to the Institute of Education in London,
来对他进行评估
so that he can be assessed.
在1878年...
Then in 1878...
理查德·考曼教授
Professor Richard Cowan
致力于研究像肯尼这样的日历计算者
studies calendrical calculators, like Kenny.
-1889年 那天是周三 -没错
- 1889, it was a Wednesday. - Yeah.
1985年3月14日
March the 14th 1985.
-那天是周四 -完全正确
- I would say that was a Thursday. - Absolutely right.
那1977年4月22日呢
And how about April the 22nd 1977?
那天是周五
That was a...Friday.
没错
Absolutely right again.
-1987年7月6日呢 -那天是周一
- And the 6th of July 1987? - That was a Monday.
太棒了 没错
Brilliant, yeah.
这太惊人了 不是吗
I mean, it's remarkable, isn't it?
看起来你几乎不需要花时间去计算
So you're very... It's almost like you're taking no time at all!
你在脑海中能呈现什么图像吗
I mean, do you see anything in your head?
我的意思是 你脑中有出现日历的图像吗
I mean, do you have a mental image of the calendar or...?
不 没有
No, I don't.
-所以...你听见日期就能知道答案 -没错
- So it's just... You hear the date and you know the answer? - Yeah.
有时候这的确令人瞠目结舌
It does blow you away sometimes, you know,
看他如此轻易地解决这些问题
the way he just knocks those off.
但也是个十分有趣的派对小把戏
But it can be quite an amusing party trick when,
当他把这件事告诉别人时 他们会说
he tells people these things and they all go,
"什么 真的吗"
"What, what, what?!"
这很有趣 但同时也让他变得很忙
It is quite amusing but, yes, it does keep him busy.
有个爱好是件好事情
It's good to have a hobby.
你是怎样算出未来的日期的
How did you go about working out the dates in the future?
我大概在七八岁时开始展现这种能力
It all started when I was about seven or eight.
-我没有去查任何的日历 -好
- I didn't look in any diaries or calendars. - OK.
我只是
I just, er...
我觉得我只是记得
I think I just remembered that, er...
特定日子的日期并且记得
Certain dates being a certain day and remembering that
知道每个...
and, knowing that, every...
每过一年日期就往前进一天 闰年除外
Every year a day goes forward, apart from leap years.
好 所以这是"每过一年则进一天"原则
OK, so that's the "One year, one day" Rule.
同时我也发现
That's when I also found out that,
同一世纪中 每隔28年 日期会重复一次
in one century every 28 years are the same.
同一世纪中 历法每28年会重复一次
OK, so within a century every 28 years repeat.
让人吃惊的是
What's remarkable is that Kenny
肯尼能在日历中找到这些复杂规律
has identified complex patterns in the calendar,
包括那些由闰年造成的不规律性
including the irregularities caused by leap years.
并且他能在瞬间算出答案
And he works the answers out in a second.
1994年12月20日
The 20th of December in 1994.
-那天是周二 -没错
- That was a Tuesday. - Yep.
1980年8月3日
And the 3rd of August in 1980?
-那天是周日 -没错 又对了
- That was a Sunday. - Yes, again.
肯尼的超强记忆以及近乎偏执的不断练习
Kenny's excellent memory and his desire to practise obsessively
这两点都是自闭症患者的心理特点
are two features of the autistic mind.
但是其能力远不止源于他的记忆和训练
But his skill goes far beyond just memory and practice.
他能总结规律同时构建属于自己的体系
He's able to spot patterns and he's devised his own system
用来得到正确的日期答案
for coming up with the correct answers to date problems.
这极具创造性
This is very creative.
大约有10%的自闭症患者像肯尼一样有超人天赋
Only about 10% of people with autism are as gifted as Kenny,
但1/3的患者拥有令人意想不到的能力
but as many as a third have unexpected abilities
比如对音准的完美把握
like perfect musical pitch
或者超群的记忆力
and being able to recite from memory.
棒极了
Well done.
那么肯尼是怎样看待自闭症的
So what does Kenny think about his autism?
我和其他同龄人看待事物的方式有所不同
I see things in a different way than my other peers do and, er...
有时他们觉得 我是个怪咖
And sometimes they think I'm, sort of, weird, the way I, er...
我想有些同龄人不太能理解
I express my thoughts and opinions and,
我表达想法和观点的方式
I guess some of my peers don't understand.
我只是...我想事情的方式不太一样
I just... I think about things a different way.
我们能否发现除了记忆力和练习之外
Can we ever discover what it is about the autistic mind
是什么让自闭症患者
that enables such remarkable talents to develop,
拥有如此不同寻常的能力呢
aside from memory and practice?
皮特 你好
Hello, Peter.
我设计了一项任务
I've devised a task,
利用在儿童中很流行的"寻找威利"游戏
using the popular children's game Where's Wally?,
来更好的理解自闭症患者的内心
to help explain the way autistic minds work.
游戏的难点在于要在密密麻麻的
The challenge is to find a tiny picture of Wally
卡♥通♥人像中找到威利
in amongst this chaotic scene.
皮特 他不是自闭症患者
Peter, who doesn't have autism,
寻找威利对他来说十分困难
struggles to find Wally.
威利在哪呢
Yeah, where's Wally?
快出来 威利 你在哪呢
Come on, Wally, where are you?
好 我来看看
OK, let's have a look.
保罗是名自闭症患者 则能快速找到威利
Paul, who is autistic, finds him really rather quickly...
这是他的死对头 这很明显
That his archenemy. I obviously know that.
这是他的女朋友
And his girlfriend there!
-他在这呢 -这太令人惊讶了 太快了
- There he is. - Wow! That was amazingly fast! That's amazing.
而此时皮特仍尝试在找威利
Whereas Peter's still trying to find Wally.
接下来是克洛伊 她也是名自闭症患者
Next up is Chloe, who is also autistic.
太厉害了 这简直太快了
Amazing! That was fabulously quick.
你真棒 太棒了
Well done! Well done!
接着是劳丽 她也是名自闭症患者
And then Laurie, who's also on the autistic spectrum.
没错 天哪 太棒了
That's it! That's amazing. Yeah! Amazing!
皮特需要些提示
Peter needs some help.
-你需要个粗略的提示吗 还是 -好的
- Do you want, a kind of vague clue, or not really? - Yes.
大致的提示 他在...
A vague clue. Sort of like...
他在这附近 对吗
Oh, he's up, is he?
可以从小船那边入手
The boats are a good clue.
好的
Yes, right, OK.
-这是他 -没错
- That him? - Yeah!
我们不断发现一件事
The one thing we've noticed time and time again
自闭症患者能发现许多被普通人所忽视的细节
is that autistic people see details that escape the rest of us.
这为我们了解自闭症提供了线索
This gives us clues to understanding the condition,
因为这意味着自闭症患者常常因为
because it means that they often miss the bigger picture
过于关注这些细节
focusing instead on the details
而忽略了他们所处的整体环境
that are the same whatever context they're in.
这点不仅适用于"寻找威利"游戏
And it doesn't just apply to Where's Wally?
它也告诉我们自闭症患者感知世界的不同方式
It shows us how differently autistic people experience the world.
这也解释了为何当房♥间装饰发生
And it explains why they get upset
微小改动时他们会变得不安
when an ornament in their house has been moved a fraction,
及为何他们的兴趣面似乎都很窄
and also why their interests seem so narrow.
普通人时不时涌现出的
This intense focus on detail
对细节的格外关注
and the abilities that sometimes emerge from
这好像人的一种心理怪癖
it is a strange quirk of our mind
而这种怪癖在自闭症患者身上频繁发生
and it's a quirk that's very frequent in autism.
但这并不能告诉我们自闭症究竟是什么
But it doesn't begin to tell us what autism is really like.
西德尼 从你开始
Sidney, can you start it for us,
朝一个方向传递拍手吗 好的
sending a clap in one direction? Thank you.
自闭症患者在需要与人接触和交流时
The serious problems people with autism face
常常表现出严重的问题
are when they have to interact and communicate with others.
我来见一位名叫朱尔斯·罗伯逊的表演系学生
I've come to meet acting student Jules Robertson,
他患有一种亚斯伯格综合症的自闭症
who has a form of autism known as Asperger syndrome.
亚斯伯格综合症患者没有语言障碍
People with Asperger syndrome do not have language problems
他们拥有正常或者高于平均的智力水平
and are of average or above-average intelligence.
朱尔斯最近刚刚研修了一门戏剧课程
Jules has recently enrolled on a drama course
因为他想成为一名演员
because he wants to be an actor.
西德尼 你能坐到巴士里吗