地平线系列：认识自闭症（2014）

在英国有超过50万人
There are over half a million people in Britain
对世界的感知
who experience the world
和其他人明显不同
very differently to the rest of us.
这些人患有自闭症
These are people with autism.
一种令人困惑的疾病
A puzzling condition which,
距这种疾病被命名已有70年了
70 years after it was first given a name,
我们对其认识仍十分有限
we still know very little about.
我叫乌塔·法瑞丝
My name is Uta Frith.
我是名心理学家 我一生
I'm a psychologist and I've spent my career
致力于了解自闭症患者的内心世界
trying to unravel the mysteries of the autistic mind.
在与不同的自闭症患者接触后
By spending time with many different people on the autistic spectrum,
我想告诉大家这是种多么复杂的症状
I want to show you what a complex condition it is.
我想让你们和我一起
I want you to join me as I reveal
去发现这些自闭症患者有多么令人惊叹
what I've discovered about these amazing people.
5月23日
23rd of May.
2001年8月16日
16th of August 2001.
那天是周四
It was a Thursday.
肯尼 你怎么做到的
Kenny, how do you do it?
如何能拥有如此不同寻常的能力
How is it possible to have this extraordinary ability?
自闭症患者又是如何应对与他人的关系
And how do people with autism cope with relationships?
我不清楚 我们为何交往 你说说看
I don't know. Why are we together? You tell me.
你是我的... 每日必要社交
You're my...required amount of social contact.
这些年来
These fascinating people
我见的这些奇妙的人向我展示了
that I've met over the years have shown me
另一个世界的存在
that another kind of reality exists,
一个满是严峻挑战和难题的世界
that is full of immense challenges, mysteries
但也充满快乐
but also joy.
因为妈妈喜欢海豚 她总穿着蓝色衣服
Mum always wears blue because of the dolphin thing.
他觉得我是海豚 为什么
He thinks I'm a dolphin! Why?
因为你笑起来像海豚
You've got the dolphin smile.
海豚般的笑容 你喜欢鱼类 比如海豚
It's the smile! And you love fish, like dolphins.
我确实喜欢鱼
I do love fish.
你躺床上时喜欢我们向你丢海鲈玩偶
You like us to throw you sea bass when you're in bed.
我想向人们展示 通过理解他们的世界
I want to show you that by understanding their world,
我们能更多地了解我们的世界
we can learn more about OUR world.
地平线 与自闭症共处
为探索和理解自闭症患者的内心
In my quest to understand the autistic mind,
我这辈子做了很多严谨的实验
I've spent a lifetime conducting rigorous experiments.
好的 我来找找
OK, let's have a look.
通过比较自闭症患者和其他人的不同
By comparing people with autism to the rest of us,
我们才能真正开始认识自闭症
we can start to see what autism really is.
我与自闭症的渊源要从50年前说起
My fascination with autism began 50 years ago
当时我为成为一名临床心理师
when I met some autistic children,
而接受训练时 接触了一些自闭症儿童
while I was training to be a clinical psychologist.
这种矛盾现象使我立刻着迷 这些漂亮的
I was immediately fascinated of the paradox of how these beautiful,
大眼闪闪的孩子如此迷人但与世界格格不入
bright-eyed children could be so detached from the world.
当我向他们提问时
When I asked a question,
自闭症儿童只会复述问题但并不作答
an autistic child would repeat it and not answer it.
我无法和他们进行对话交流
And I couldn't engage them in a conversation.
通过玩具也无法融入他们
And I couldn't engage them with toys, either.
一个自闭症儿童能快速完成一副拼图
An autistic child might rapidly complete a jigsaw puzzle
但对泰迪熊野餐会游戏
but show absolutely no interest
却没有丝毫兴趣
in a game of teddy bears' picnic.
我热切地想知道问题出在哪儿
I passionately wanted to find out what was going on here.
20世纪60年代
Back in the 1960s,
这些孩子被确诊为名为自闭症的新型疾病
these children were being given the new diagnosis of autism.
"Autos"是希腊语中的"自我"
"Autos" In Greek means "Self"
指的是明显的自我专注
and refers to their apparent self absorption.
自闭症有多种表现形式
Autism takes on many forms
患病程度不一 从轻微到严重都有
and exists on a wide spectrum, from mild to severe.
不管过去 还是现在
It was, and still is,
对自闭症患病程度的判断都是基于
characterised by the difficulty these children have
儿童与他人交流的困难程度
communicating and interacting with others
他们是否对外界事物缺乏兴趣
and by and their tendency to have very narrow interests
以及是否倾向于重复某种行为
and to repeat activities over and over again.
乔 这是什么 这是...
What's this, Joe? What's...
乔·埃里森就是患者之一
One of these children was Joe Allison.
-这个呢 -碗
- And this? - Bowl.
碗 这个呢
Bowl. And this?
-盒子 -没错 这个呢
- Box. - Box. And this?
-他是谁 -他是
- Who is that? - Yes.
-他是... -乔·埃里森
- It's... - Joe Allison.
这是乔·埃里森在学说话
It's Joe Allison learning to talk.
没错
Yes.
-乔 这是什么 -钱 -没错
- What's this, Joe? - Money. - Money.
-乔 这是什么 -钱 -没错
- What's this, Joe? - Money. - Yes, money.
乔今年57岁
Joe is now 57
这是自他儿时以后我们的首次见面
and this is the first time I've seen him since he was a young boy.
-乔 你记得她吗 -记得 -她是个好人
- Do you remember her, Joe? - Yes. - She was very kind.
乔 这是什么
What is this, Joe?
-这是什么 -"手车"
- What is it? - Ba-ma.
-手推车 -"手退车"
- A barrow. - A bu-bbow.
在当时 我们以为
Back then, we thought that
只要教会这些孩子如何说话
if only we could teach these children to speak,
情况就会好转 他们的自闭症也能被治愈
then everything would be OK and the autism would go away.
乔知道那些圣诞故事
Joe understood about the Christmas story,
也知道圣诞老人和圣诞晚餐
about Father Christmas and Christmas dinner.
这是第一次我们过节时有棵圣诞树
And it's the first time we've been able to have a tree
并且树上的装饰物都完好无损
and none of the ornaments have been broken.
-这是谁 -妈妈
- And who's this? - Mum.
-这是妈妈吗 -没错
- Is it Mum? - Yes.
-所以现在你对乔寄予些许希望 -没错
- So now you have some hope for Joe? - I certainly do.
我不知道他能做的多好 但他已经好多了
I don't know how far he will go but one feels if he's gone this far,
再有所突破也不是不可能的事
why shouldn't he go a great deal further?
-这很好 对吗 -没错
- That's nice, isn't it? - Yes.
但50年过去了
But 50 years on,
现在我们知道自闭症是大脑的终身性异常
'we now know that autism is a lifelong brain abnormality.
大约一半的患者有明显的学习障碍
Half of those affected have significant learning disabilities
超过80%的患者生活无法自理
and well over 80% are unable to live independently.
当我向别人介绍我的工作时 他们最先问我的
When I tell people what I do, the first thing they ask about
便是那些患有自闭症的天才
are the autistic individuals known as savants,
那些天赋异禀的人
who have remarkable gifts.
许多自闭症患者都有着
Many people with autism have talents
与他们能力看起来不相符的天赋
that appear to be at odds with the rest of their abilities.
有时候 这些能力非比寻常
And occasionally, these skills can be quite extraordinary.
从简单的开始...
Start with the easy one...
你们要按照这些步骤
and work your way down through these operations
算出你们最后的答案
to get your answer at the bottom.
这是15岁的肯尼·姆普昂嘎
This is 15-year-old Kenny Mpanga,
他8岁时确诊为自闭症
who was diagnosed with autism when he was eight.
和其他自闭症儿童不同的是
Unlike many other autistic children,
肯尼能在一所配有自闭症专家小组的
Kenny is able to attend a mainstream secondary school,
主流中学上学
with a specialist autism unit.
有人能用他的方法试试吗
Would anybody else be able to have a go using that method now,
用肯尼的方法 做这个 24的平方是多少
Kenny's method, for doing this? 24 squared.
再看一次他的解题方法
Watch what he did again.
肯尼有着超常的心算天赋...
Kenny has a gift for mental arithmetic...
你们算算9乘36是多少
How many could multiply 9 by 36 in your head, though?
他的能力常常让他的同学们惊叹
And constantly amazes his classmates.
肯尼 你太聪明了
Kenny, you're too smart!
你真的太聪明了 你全做对了
You are actually too smart! You got all of them correct.
你为什么在这个班 为什么
Why are you in this set? Why?
他太聪明了 真的 怎么会这样
He's so smart! Seriously, how, how?
-你怎么做到的 -这是个秘密
- What do you do? - It's a secret?
这是非洲人的优势
It's an African thing!
肯尼有个非比寻常的天赋
And Kenny has one very unusual talent.
-2月22 -那天是周四
- 22nd of February. - Oh, that was a Thursday.
-5月23日 -那天是周三
- 23rd of May. - It was a Wednesday.
2001年8月16日
16th of August 2001.
那天是周四
It was a Thursday.
他是个人工日历计算器