猴群中的生活（2019）

其中，伊莫泰尔的一些兄弟
among them, some of Imotel's brothers.
母亲和青少年撤退
the mothers and juveniles retreat.
伊莫泰尔的弟弟们前进了
Imotel's younger brothers advance.
但是原居住的雄性
but the resident males
把它们赶回灌木丛
push them back into the undergrowth.
伊莫泰尔似乎犹豫不决，似乎它的忠诚有所分歧
Imotel seems hesitant, as if his loyalty is divided.
它的新团队的其他成员支持领先的雄性
the rest of his new group back up the leading males.
伊莫泰尔需要选择一方
Imotel needs to pick a side.
它已经做出了选择
he's made his choice.
它展示摇曳的树枝
his display of shaking branches
告诉它的老团队不要回来，
tells his old group not to come back,
清楚地表明了它的忠诚
and clearly signals his allegiance
给它的新猴群
to his new troop.
沃尔夫冈以前见过这一切
Wolfgang has seen it all before.
像伊莫泰尔这样的少年冒充者终有一天会变得伟大
a juvenile pretender like Imotel could one day rise to greatness.
它仍然会被成年雄性追杀，
he still gets chased out by the adult males,
它对它们置之不理，
he gives them a wide berth,
但慢慢地，它变得融为一体了，
but slowly he's becoming integrated,
随着它变大，
and, as he grows larger,
增强体力，
gets more physical strength,
它将处于一种位置
he will be in the position
挑战当前的雄性领导，
to challenge the current male leadership,
最终它可能会接管这个团队
and eventually he might actually take over the group.
但是身体强壮
but does physical strength
决定政♥治♥成功？
determine political success?
还是反过来呢？
or is it the other way around?
随着他对等级制度的理解不断加深，
with his understanding of the hierarchy deepening,
沃尔夫冈想知道猴子的等级
Wolfgang wondered whether a monkey's rank
影响其生长和状况
affected its growth and condition.
我只是想跟踪一些增长曲线
I just wanted to follow some of the growth curves
我们之前确认的一些动物，
of some of the animals that we had identified earlier,
看看它们在不同年龄的体重是多少
see what their weights were at different ages.
我们设计了一种称量猕猴体重的方法
we devised a method of weighing macaques
没有真正打扰它们
without really disturbing them.
我们把天平挂在树上，
we hung a scale from a tree,
在盆里放一点诱饵
put a bit of bait into the pan.
猴子会上钩，
the monkey would go in for the bait,
然后我们会读取它的重量
and then we would read its weight.
在他的发现中，
among his findings,
他发现排名下降的雄性
he discovered that males who fall in rank
快速减肥
rapidly lose weight.
以及高级雌性的婴儿
and the infants of high-ranking females
成长最快--
grow quickest--
社会地位如何
two clear examples of how social status
决定身体健康
dictates physical health.
人类并不陌生的东西
something not unfamiliar to humans.
到1977年，
by 1977,
沃尔夫冈已经获得了新的资金来源
Wolfgang had secured a new source of funding
这将使他的研究营永久化
that would make his research camp permanent.
他的团队最早的研究之一
one of his team's first studies
解决了灵长类动物学家中一个长♥期♥存在的问题
addressed a long-standing question among primatologists.
婴儿实际上是什么时候断奶的？
when did infants actually wean?
据认为，母亲们喝了六个月的乳汁
it was thought that mothers had milk for six months.
之后，护理是为了舒适
after that,nursing was for comfort.
我们展示了，
we showed,
只要婴儿嘴里有乳♥头♥，
as long as an infant has a nipple in their mouth,
这不是为了舒适；
it's not for comfort;
实际上是为了乳汁
it is actually for milk.
大多数圈养研究，
most captive studies,
他们说婴儿在六个月前断奶
they say an infant is weaned by six months.
不可能！
no way!
在野生种群中，
in the wild populations,
它们可以在2.2岁之前喝奶，
they get milk up to 2.2 years old,
这是一段惊人的长时间
which is an astoundingly long period of time.
这样就解决了一个长♥期♥存在的问题
so that sort of solves a long-standing question
在灵长类文献中
in the primate literature.
到70年代末，
by the late '70s,
沃尔夫冈的工作开始引起人们的注意
Wolfgang's work was starting to attract attention.
我记得1978年，
I remember in 1978,
我第一次由电影摄制组访问我们的网站
I had my very first visit of a film crew to our site.
他们打算拍一部关于我们研究的纪录片，
they were going to do a documentary about our study,
猴子的社交行为
the social behavior of the monkeys.
它是由奥马哈互助银行赞助的，
it was sponsored by mutual of omaha,
“野生王国”节目
a "wild kingdom" show.
我记得马林·帕金斯和我
and I remember marlin Perkins and I
在节目开始时就站在这个地方附近
standing near to this very spot at the beginning of that show.
此特定区域
this particular area
是考古和自然保护区
is the archaeological and nature sanctuary
在波隆纳鲁瓦
at Polonnaruwa.
这也是超过10年的，
this is also where, for over 10 years,
猕猴的仔细研究
a close study of the macaque monkeys
由沃尔夫冈博士制♥作♥
has been made by dr. Wolfgang Dittus.
我们的主要研究领域之一就在附近
one of our main research areas is close by.
我们走过去吧，
let's walk over there,
也许我们可以观察到
and perhaps we can observe
途中还有其他一些本土野生动物
some other indigenous wildlife en route.
好啊
ok.
凭借他对团队的广泛了解，
with his extensive knowledge of the groups,
沃尔夫冈能够吸引观众
Wolfgang was able to take the viewers
在猕猴复杂的世界里
inside the complex world of the macaques.
突然的尖叫声表明这只猕猴
a sudden screeching indicates this macaque
正受到更具支配性的威胁
is being threatened by a more dominant one above.
电影更善于描绘
a movie is much better at depicting
猴子做出的不同姿势和姿势
these different postures and gestures that monkeys make
而不是静止的照片或描述，
than a still photograph or a description,
所以我特别感谢《野生王国》节目
so I'm particularly grateful to the "wild kingdom" show
把我们放在地图上
for putting us on the map.
沃尔夫冈正在完成的工作
the work being done by Wolfgang Dittus
在这个热带岛屿世界
here in this tropical island world
斯里兰卡猕猴
with the Sri Lankan macaques
极大地增加了我们的知识
is greatly increasing our knowledge
灵长类动物中一种更有趣的物种
of one of the more interesting species of primates.
它是，同时，
it is, at the same time,
为科学信息做出贡献
contributing to science information
这将使人类能够确保这些猕猴
that will enable man to ensure that these macaques
不会在斯里兰卡被消灭，
will not be exterminated in Sri Lanka,
无论是出于无知还是出于意图
either through ignorance or intention.
猕猴丰富的叫声，
the macaques' rich range of calls,
这是电视节目的特色，
which featured in the tv show,
继续引发沃尔夫冈的好奇心
continue to intrigue Wolfgang.
猴子实际上就在这里
the monkeys are actually right here.
我刚听到酷的叫声，我们到了
I just heard a Coo call. here we are, here we go.
听到那个叫声了吗？那是一个丢失的叫声
hear that call? that's a lost call.
他是他们复杂发声的专家
today, he's an expert in their complex vocalizations.
这里，拉迪在杰姆大喊威胁
here, Ladi is screaming threats up at Jemu.
然后寻求盟友的支持
then soliciting support from his allies.
沃尔夫冈被迷住了
Wolfgang became fascinated
一个他很少听到的喊叫
with a call he very rarely heard.
有一个特别的发声
there's this one particular vocalization
只要有充裕的食物，它们就会给予
that they give whenever there is a bonanza of food.
这些是非常奇怪的声音，尖锐的尖叫声
these are very peculiar sounds, the high-pitched squealy sounds.
结满果实的无花果树
the fig tree that's fully fruited
引发此叫声
elicits this call.
一堆蘑菇会引起这种叫声
a pile of mushrooms elicits this kind of call.
沃尔夫冈确信这些叫声就像语言一样，
Wolfgang was convinced these calls were like language,
提供有关食物的准确信息
giving precise information about food.
它们就质量和数量进行沟通
they communicate about the quality and quantity
环境中的食物，
of food in the environment,
通信专家提到
and communication experts refer to that
作为语意信♥号♥♥
as semantic signaling.