猴群中的生活（2019）

隐秘在斯里兰卡的丛林中，
hidden in the jungles of Sri Lanka,
一群非常特殊的猴子，在寺庙废墟中漫步
a very special group of monkeys roams the temple ruins.
我们对这些绒帽猕猴的了解，比地球上任何其他猴子都多，
we know more about these toque macaques than any other monkeys on earth,
从骄傲的头领雄性多米到长♥期♥受苦的珀平，
from proud alpha male Domi to long suffering Poppin,
一只失败最底层的雌性
a female at the bottom of the heap.
这片森林里的每只猴子，都被命名并跟踪
every monkey in this forest has been named and followed
从它诞生的那天起，
since the day it was born,
感谢一个人，
thanks to one man,
沃尔夫冈·迪图斯，
Wolfgang Dittus,
近50年来，他一直在研究这部难以置信的肥皂剧
who's been studying them for almost 50 years documenting the incredible soap opera
猴群内部的生活
that is life within the troop.
他的工作，使他成为一个精英科学家群体
his work puts him in an elite group of scientists.
简，他热衷于研究长♥期♥历史
Jane,he had a passion to follow the long-term history.
这将为您提供，可以与他人分享的故事
this gives you stories that you can share with people.
追踪这些猕猴长达半个世纪，沃尔夫冈一生都在讲述故事
half a century spent following these macaques has given Wolfgang a lifetime of stories to tell.
在斯里兰卡东北部，
in northeast Sri Lanka,
被丛林深深覆盖的，
swallowed by the jungle,
是波隆纳鲁瓦古城的遗迹
are the remains of the ancient city of Polonnaruwa.
这里曾经是斯里兰卡的首都，
this was once Sri Lanka's capital,
但是一千年前，人类搬出去了，猴子迁移进来了
but a thousand years ago the humans moved out and monkeys moved in.
这支40只猴群中的头号♥人物是多米
the alpha male in this 40-strong troop is Domi.
14岁的年纪，
at 14 years old,
它年富力强，长着可怕的犬牙
he's in his prime large, strong, and armed with fearsome canines.
七年前它和它的兄弟们一起加入了这支猴群
he migrated into this troop with his brothers seven years ago
它一直在努力提升自己的地位
and has worked his way up the ranks.
它升为头领需要综合体能
his rise to alpha required a mix of physical prowess
和政♥治♥技巧
and political skill.
许多雄性为了成为头领而死亡，
many males die trying to become alpha,
但是，目前，多米获得了回报--
but, for now, Domi reaps the rewards--
成为该猴群大多数年轻猴的父亲
the right to father most of the group's young.
多米的猴群是一个紧密联♥系♥的社会团体
Domi's troop is a tight-knit social group
由亲缘关系密切的雌性及其幼崽组成
made up of closely related females and their young.
年轻雄性试图加入其他猴群，
young males try to join from other troops,
就像多米曾经做的那样
like Domi once did.
所以多米总是有年轻的挑战者
so Domi always has young pretenders
盯着它的位置
eyeing his position.
每只猴子都会不断被提醒
every monkey is constantly reminded
它在这个严格的等级制度中的地位
of its place in this strict hierarchy.
像杰姆扎，这样的高级雌性对任何食物都有优先选择权
high-ranking females like Jemuza have first pick of any food.
而且她不用担心自己的统治地位
and she isn't afraid to assert her dominance.
但地位较低的雌性，象珀平，
but low-ranking females, like Poppin,
不得不在猴群边缘谋生
have to scrape a living on the fringes of the group.
多米的猴群，只是波隆纳鲁瓦33群已确认的猴群之一
Domi's troop is just one of 33 identified troops in Polonnaruwa.
它们的领土不断受到占优势的邻居的威胁
their territory is under constant threat from dominant neighbors.
尤其是当它们土地上的树木结出果实时
especially when the trees on their patch come into fruit.
这些更强大的团体将驱赶多米的猴群
these bigger, stronger groups will evict Domi's troop
并霸占水果
to claim the fruit for themselves.
今天我们对猴子的生活有了深刻的了解
today we have a deep understanding of monkey life.
50年前，一个叫沃尔夫冈·迪图斯的年轻研究生来到这里，
when a young grad student called Wolfgang Dittus arrived here 50 years ago,
在史密森学会任职，
on assignment with the Smithsonian institution,
没人料到猕猴的生活如此复杂
no one guessed macaque life was so complicated.
沃尔夫冈·迪图斯：当我们想到野生猴子时
Wolfgang Dittus: when we think of wild monkeys
生活在自然栖息地，
living in their natural habitat,
我们认为，它们有多么美好的天堂般的生活
we think, oh, what a wonderful paradise kind of life they have.
但它们每天90%的时间都在找吃的东西
but they spend 90% of the day looking for something to eat.
它们在这里捡拾昆虫的碎片，
they pick up small bits and pieces an insect here,
一片小叶子，
a small leaf here,
到处都是食物
a grub here and there.
直到你真的跟着它们
it's not until you actually follow them
再仔细研究一下
and study them a little bit closer
你能意识到，它们的生活是多么艰难
that you realize how difficult life for them can be.
沃尔夫冈所做的就是跟踪猕猴
and following the macaques is exactly what Wolfgang has done
自从他1968年来到这里，
ever since he arrived here in 1968,
使它们成为世界上研究得最全面的猴子
making these the best-studied monkeys in the world.
在我们的数据库中
in our data bank
我们已经确认了5000多只猴子，
we have more than 5,000 individual monkeys identified,
我们监控了它们的行为和命运
and we've monitored their behaviors and fates.
就像成千上万的人生故事
as these thousands of life stories
从头到尾都在玩，
have played out from start to finish,
一幅由社会等级主导的猕猴世界的图景，已经浮出水面
a picture has emerged of a world dominated by social climbing.
在这个复杂的社会里，
in this complex society,
就像我们自己的一样，
just like our own,
每个母亲都希望自己的孩子得到最好的
every mother wants the best for her child.
追踪每只猴子的成长和性格，
by tracking the upbringing and character of every single monkey,
沃尔夫冈已经了解
Wolfgang has gained an understanding
成功的猕猴需要什么
of what it takes to be a successful macaque.
有些母亲非常
some mothers are very
想保护它们的孩子
sort of protective of their young.
它们不喜欢出去探索
they don't like them to go out and explore.
而另一些母亲则更为放任
whereas other mothers are more laissez faire.
它们允许它们的孩子到处跑，和其他猴子一起玩
they allow their youngsters to run around and play with others.
你将发现，
and what you find,
最终那些被抚养长大的
that eventually the ones who have been raised
以自♥由♥放任的方式，
in the laissez faire kind of approach,
它们更加自信，
they're a lot more confident,
它们更有可能获得社会的高阶层
they're more likely to achieve high rank.
也许是我们自己社会进化的线索
clues perhaps to our own social evolution.
多年来，沃尔夫冈一直在关注
over the years, Wolfgang's watched
成千上万只猴的兴衰
the rise and fall of thousands of individuals.
他目睹了猴群之间的战争
he's witnessed wars between troops...
观察它们温和的一面
observed their gentler side...
记录了它们严格的等级制度
documented their strict hierarchy.
他克服了困难
and he's overcome the odds
让他的研究持续半个世纪
to keep his study going for half a century.
20世纪60年代的大学生，
as a university student in the 1960s,
沃尔夫冈没想到
Wolfgang couldn't have guessed
他会在这片森林里度过余生
that he would call this forest home for the rest of his life.
学习不同的生物学课程
taking different courses in biology
在大学层面，
at the university level,
我真的对动物交流很感兴趣
I really got interested in animal communication.
如果我要做动物交往研究，
if I'm going to do animal communication,
为什么我不在灵长类动物身上做呢，
why don't I do it in a primate,
这就是你知道的，
which is, you know,
一种更复杂的动物
one of the more sophisticated animal species about.
通过一次偶然事件，
and by serendipitous events,
我在斯里兰卡实施
I landed in Sri Lanka
史密森生物计划
with the Smithsonian biological program.
1968年，
in 1968,
沃尔夫冈是在一个激动人心的时刻，抵达斯里兰卡的
Wolfgang arrived in Sri Lanka at an exciting time.
四年前，
four years earlier,
灵长类动物学家 休里普利 在波隆纳鲁瓦建立了一个史密森研究营
primatologist sue ripley had established a Smithsonian research camp in Polonnaruwa.
现在研究团队正在扩大
now the research team was expanding
包括几位经验丰富的生物学家
to include several more seasoned biologists.
沃尔夫冈是一名相当于新秀的成员，接受了为期18个月的任务
with them was Wolfgang a comparative rookie on an 18-month assignment.
我很幸运加入了史密森尼团队
I was actually very fortunate to join the Smithsonian team
因为这是一个非常非正式的课堂
because it was a very informal kind of classroom
我有幸向这些资深科学家学习
that I had the privilege of learning from these more senior scientists.
波隆纳鲁瓦的选择很有启发性
the choice of Polonnaruwa was an inspired one.
废墟长♥期♥以来一直是祈祷的地方，
the ruins had long been a place of prayer,
因此，动物们更习惯于人类的存在
and so the animals were more used to human presence.
猕猴是最显眼的，
the macaques were most visible of all,
被视为命运的转折，将影响沃尔夫冈的余生
and seen as unremarkable a twist of fate that would shape the rest of Wolfgang's life.
我是最后一个被招募的成员，
I was the last member to be recruited,
以及资深灵长类动物学家，
and the senior established primatologists,
他们已经选择了他们最喜欢的物种，
they had already selected their favorite species,
当然是上镜的灰叶猴
of course the photogenic gray langur
还有同样上镜的紫脸叶猴，
and the equally photogenic purple-faced langur,
没有人真的想做这些丑陋的猕猴
and nobody really wanted to do these ugly-looking macaques.
因此，迪图斯被指派去做猕猴研究，
and so, Dittus was assigned to do the macaques,
那是我的巨大好运，因为猕猴，
and that was my great fortune because the macaques,