印象派 绘画与革命（2011）

All he needed was a bag of apples and a new way of looking.
十九世纪中叶
The middle of the 19th century
是光学的伟大时代
was the great era of optical discovery.
关于视觉 有许多里程碑式的发现
All sorts of remarkable things were found out about vision.
我们的眼睛是怎么看的
What actually happens to the eyes when we see something?
视觉的必要元素是什么
What does looking actually involve?
英国人查尔斯·惠特斯通
It was an Englishman, Charles Wheatstone,
在1838年第一次描述立体视觉
who first described stereo vision in 1838.
在那之前 从未有人留心
Until then, no-one had bothered to ask themselves
为什么人类有两只眼睛
why human beings have two eyes.
为什么不是在中间生一个大大的眼睛
Why don't we just have one big eye right here in the middle?
那不会更实用吗
Wouldn't that be more practical?
更经济
More visually economical?
事实是否定的
No, actually.
我们需要有两只眼睛的原因是
Because the reason we have two eyes is that with two eyes,
立体视觉能够让我们更准确地估计距离
we can see in stereo and judge distances more exactly.
因此失去一只眼睛的人
That's why people who lose an eye
一开始会不习惯开车
have difficulty in the beginning driving.
他们不能正确估算距离
They can't judge distances as well.
对于艺术家来说 这个发现意义重大
This had huge artistic implications.
特别是对塞尚来说
Particularly for Cezanne.
如果你仔细看
If you stare hard at these apples
我在路边买♥♥的苹果
I bought in the shop down the road,
你会发现两只眼睛看到的苹果是不一样的
you'll notice that each eye sees them differently.
左眼从这边
The left eye sees them from over here.
右眼从这里
The right eye from over here.
如果我用电视把两个视图叠加
If I now combine these two views through the magic of television,
就能得到塞尚式的明暗效果
I'll get a crude Cezanne-ish blurring.
这种视觉上的倾斜是塞尚的标志性特点
An optical tipsiness that's so Cezanne.
因为塞尚意识到
Cos what Cezanne realised
在传统的单点透视观点下
was that traditional, single-point perspective,
所有的东西
where everything is
都像这样在你面前排成一行 是错的
arranged in a line in front of you like that, was wrong.
我们真实看到的是立体的事物
What we actually do is see in stereo,
通过双眼
through two eyes,
它们从略微不同的角度来视物
each of which sees things from slightly different angles.
然后大脑将两个图像拼合成一个
The brain then combines these two images into a single view.
这是个重大的发现
It's a momentous discovery.
传统透视遭到了冲击
Traditional perspective was under attack.
在塞尚工作室外面 这儿 爬上小坡
Outside Cezanne's studio, just up here, a short climb away,
他画下了圣维克多山的著名作品
he painted one of his famous views of the Mont Sainte-Victoire
并表现出另一迷人的光学现象
and explored another fascinating optical phenomenon,
这一现象由查尔斯·惠特斯通发现
discovered by the under-rated Charles Wheatstone,
他还发明了这个奇妙的装置
who invented this contraption here -
幻视镜
the pseudoscope.
它能调换你所有的视觉图像
What this thing does is swap around all your optical information
所以通常你用左眼看到的东西
so what you usually see in your left eye
被转移到了右眼
is moved to the right eye
反之亦然
and vice-versa.
由于双眼互换
As a result of swapping your eyes around,
凹的变凸 凸的变凹
concave shapes become convex and convex shapes become concave.
一切颠倒
Everything is reversed.
很可惜 我无法向你演示这种感觉
Unfortunately, it's totally impossible for me to show you that.
我无法
There is no way
将独♥立♥的图像灌输进你们的双眼
I can feed separate information to both your eyes.
你可以想象 透过这个来看
So what you have to imagine is that with one of these,
如果人脸是这张面具
the human face becomes a mask,
你看到的便是这样的一张面具
which you see like that.
背景和前景的位置互换
Backgrounds and foregrounds swap places.
整个远近关系受到了挑战
The entire relationship of far to near is challenged.
塞尚在描绘自己喜爱的群山时
And Cezanne also challenges it in his superb tussles
也使用了这种手法
with the mountain that obsessed him.
《圣维克多山》
The Mont Sainte-Victoire.
他当年是否真的使用这种装置了呢
So did he actually use one of these?
我认为没有 他不喜欢借助这些工具
I don't think so. He wasn't a man for gadgets.
但他肯定对此有所耳闻
But he'll definitely have known about it.
视觉探索风行一时
Optical discovery was in the air
印象派风格就脱胎于对视觉的探索
and everything the Impressionists did was informed by it.
如果你像塞尚那样热情而不懈地
And if you stare at this landscape as intensely,
盯着这些景物
as relentlessly as Cezanne did
总有一天 它们会开始闪光并融合
sooner or later, it'll start to shimmer and coalesce.
直到揭示更深刻的真♥相♥
Until it reveals its deeper truth.
这是欧洲桥
This is the Pont de l'Europe.
奇丑无比 你会同意的
Ugly as sin, I think you'll agree.
但它是巴黎最给人艺术灵感的地方之一
But this was one of the most inspirational art locations in Paris.
这里诞生了伟大的印象派作品
Great Impressionist things were done around here.
马奈 印象派之父
Manet, the grandfather of Impressionism,
在圣彼得堡街有一间工作室
had a studio up here on the Rue Saint-Petersbourg.
四号♥楼 二层
At number four, up on the first floor.
注意那上面的窗户
Notice the window up there.
在马奈的一张描绘欧洲桥的画作中
That pops up again in the smoky background
那烟雾弥漫的背景中
of a very curious Manet painting
就有这扇窗户的身影
set on the Pont de l'Europe.
画中有一个巴黎保姆和一个小女孩
It shows a Parisian nanny with a little girl,
小女孩正张望铁路轨道
who looks out across the railway tracks
像犯人透过监狱栅栏凝视
like a prisoner staring through the bars of a cage.
记住 马奈住在这里时
Remember, when Manet was living here,
一切都是全新的
all this was brand new.
整个地区被掘开并规划
The entire area had just been dug up and laid out
拜臭名昭著的奥斯曼男爵所赐
by the infamous Baron Haussmann,
他是巴黎的重建者
rebuilder of Paris.
下面的圣拉扎尔车站
And the Gare Saint-Lazare down there,
也就是画中小姑娘盯着看的地方
at which the little girl in the picture is staring,
是巴黎最早的火车站
that was the first railway station in Paris.
为了把巴黎新的连通性
And to emphasise the city's new connectivity
展示给世界看
to the rest of the world,
奥斯曼把所有
Haussmann had given all the boulevards
从欧洲桥出发的大街
radiating from the Pont de l'Europe
都冠上了欧洲各首都的名字
the names of European capitals.
伦敦
London.
马德里
Madrid.
君士坦丁堡
Constantinople.
爱丁堡
Edinburgh.
是的 爱丁堡
Yes, Edinburgh.
罗马
Rome!
圣彼得堡
Saint Petersburg.
所有道路都从巴黎出发
All these roads that lead out of Paris.
这也是马奈的画中的"小囚犯"
That's what the little prisoner in Manet's painting
幻想中的地方
is dreaming of as well.
她无法企及的新自♥由♥
The new freedom that she can't get to.
她的保姆也不能
And neither can her nanny,
悲哀地被困在铁轨的另一头
trapped sadly on the wrong side of the tracks.
谁说印象派没有内涵
Who says Impressionism never had a message?
但在这里 最忙的印象派画家要属莫奈
But the busiest Impressionist around here was Monet.
他对欧洲桥的兴趣不大
He was less interested in the Pont de l'Europe
而是对桥下发生的一切更感兴趣
and more interested in what was going on down there -
圣拉扎尔车站的那片烟雾地狱
in that smoky hell of the Gare Saint-Lazare.
印象派画家是圣拉扎尔车站的常客
The Impressionists were frequent visitors to the Gare Saint-Lazare.
火车从此处出发 前往郊外
It was from here that trains left the city for the suburbs
使得塞纳河晴朗的景致近在咫尺
and brought all those sunny views of the Seine within easy reach.
但在1877年 莫奈突发灵感
But in 1877, Monet had a Eureka moment.
不画阳光和河岸
Instead of painting the sunshine and the river banks,
何不画一画车站本身呢
why not paint the station itself?
雾 蒸汽 漫无边际的暖气
The fog, the steam, the apocalyptic belching?
多么富有现代气息的元素
Now that would be modern.
雷诺阿说 他疯了
Renoir told him he was mad.
更何况 他根本进不去
Besides, he'd never get in.
当年和现在一样 不能直接
Then, as now, you don't just waltz
走进车站干线 然后作画
into a mainline station and paint it.
要遵守规则 填写表格
There were rules to be followed. Forms to be filled in.
跟一些循规蹈矩的人交涉