生命（2009）

在生命树上
In the great Tree of Life,
哺乳类有一个分支 让我们特别感兴趣
one branch of the mammals has a particular fascination for us,
那就是我们所属的
for we belong to it.
灵长类
Primates.
灵长类的手握力十是
Primate hands provide a firm grip.
朝着前方的双眼 能精确地评估距离
And forward facing eyes accurately assess distance.
这两者都对始于树梢的 生活方式至为重要
Both are crucial for a lifestyle that began in the trees.
灵长类的智力 在动物王国中排名第一
Intelligence among primates can excel that of all other animals.
灵长类能破解难题
Primates can solve difficult problems...
发展出思维和理念
..develop thoughts and ideas...
建立长长久久的感情
..and build long-lasting relationships.
最重要的是
But most importantly,
灵长类能记住 在这一生中学到的东西
primates remember what they learn during their lives.
这个节目要告诉各位 智力如何帮助我们的近亲
This film reveals how intelligence helps our closest relatives
迎接生命中的挑战
to tackle the many challenges of life.
《灵长类》
世上有三百五十多种灵长类
There are more than 350 primate species on Earth.
聪明的灵长类
Since they first appeared over 65 million years ago,
在六千五百万年前出现之后
these clever animals have become adapted
适应了各式各样的栖息地
to an extraordinary range of habitats.
这里是埃塞俄比亚南部的 阿瓦士地区
The Awash region of southern Ethiopia.
一处偏远贫瘠的灌木丛林地
A harsh, remote scrubland.
但灵长类依然有办法 把这里变成自己的家园
But primates have learned how to make it their home.
在悬崖上睡了一晚的
Hamadryas baboons are waking up
长鬃狒狒睡醒了
from a night spent high on the cliffs.
长鬃狒狒群的成员 有时超过四百个
These monkeys live in groups up to four hundred strong,
而且没有单一的领袖
with no single leader.
长鬃狒狒的社会结构复杂 由好几个小型妻妾群组成
Theirs is a very complex society, made up of dozens of small harems,
每个妻妾群都由一只公狒狒管理
each governed by a male.
它们每天旱上 离开安全的悬崖觅食
Every morning they leave the safety of the cliffs to find food.
带头的是地位最高的公狒狒
Top-ranking males lead the way.
妻妾群里的母狒狒行为稍有不当
They can be very severe with their females
就会被公狒狒严厉处罚
if there is the slightest misdemeanour.
虽然长鬃狒狒很强壮
Despite their individual strength,
但它们还是比较喜欢集体行动
hamadryas baboons prefer to travel as a troop.
这样比较安全
It's safer that way.
今天旱上狒狒群走到一半
On this particular morning,
突然停下脚步
something stops them in their tracks.
另一群狒狒也在这座悬崖过夜
Another troop is using these cliffs as a barracks.
这里可以容纳一千多只狒狒过夜
More than a thousand baboons can overnight here.
敌对的狒狒群正朝着它们过来
And a rival faction is heading directly their way.
公狒狒趁着混战算旧帐
In the chaos of warfare, males settle old scores.
这也是它们抢妻妾的好机会
This is also their best chance of stealing females.
情况平静下来之后 母狒狒重新三五成群
When the fighting is over, the harems reform.
公狒狒毫不客气地教训 它们群中胆敢乱跑的母狒狒
Lead males punish any of their females who had dared to stray.
铁的纪律是维持秩序的关键
Strict discipline is essential if order is to be maintained.
这是个严酷的社会制度
It's a harsh social system
但对住在这片荒芜平原的 长鬃狒狒来说很管用
but it works for hamadryas baboons here on these arid plains.
世上其他地方的灵长类
In other parts of the world, primates have had to organise
因为面对了不同的挑战
their societies in a different way
以不同的方式组织社会
to cope with different challenges.
日本阿尔卑斯山脉时值隆冬
Mid-winter in the Japanese Alps.
全世界居住位置最北的猴子 就住在这里的上高地谷区
The Kamicoche Valley is the haunt of the most northerly-dwelling monkeys.
住在这里要能忍♥受
To live here you must be able
摄氏零下二十度的低温
to survive temperatures which plunge to minus 20 centigrade.
这些是日本猕猴
The Japanese macaque.
它们有浓密厚实的毛发
Dense thick layers of fur help
所以不畏风雪
to insulate these snow moneys in this testing environment.
但它们还是会 感受到刺骨的寒冷
But they still feel the cold.
每年到了这个时节，食物都很少
At this time of the year food is scarce.
但是聪明的猕猴能随遇而安
But macaques are adaptable and clever.
这群猕猴发现这条河终年不结冰
The troop has learnt that this river stays ice-free the year round.
这只母猴子知道
This female knows
它可以用多用途的双手 和灵巧的手指
it's a good place to gather insect larvae
在这里的石头下面 找到昆虫的幼虫
from under the rocks, using her versatile hands and nimble fingers.
这群猕猴大半个冬天 都花在觅食上面
In winter, this troop spends most of its time searching for food.
防止这条河结冰的自然力量
The same underground forces that prevent this river from freezing
也给了别的动物慰藉
bring great comfort to others.
日本阿尔卑斯山脉 因火山而形成
The Japanese Alps were built by volcanoes.
其中许多火山至今仍然活跃
Many of them are still active.
有一群雪猴在这个叫做地狱谷的地方
And in a region called Hell's Valley,
找到了最佳的避寒场所
some snow monkeys have found the perfect winter resort.
这座温泉的温度 是让人心旷神怡的
A thermal spa,
摄氏四十一度
where the water temperature is a blissful 41 degrees centigrade.
大伙儿都想进来 但灵长类是政♥治♥动物
Everyone wants in, but primates being primates,
猕猴也不例外
there are pool-side politics.
这是个严格采行会员制的俱乐部
This is an exclusive members-only club.
只有地位最高的母猴子和小猴子 才有资格泡汤
Only the highest-ranking females and infants are allowed in.
这只公猴子负责看守温泉
Everyone obeys this male,
过滤泡汤成员 大家都很听它的话
who guards the pool and vets the entrants.
这些系出名门的小猴子
These youngsters, born of the right bloodline,
不知道自己有多幸运
don't know how privileged they are.
地位较低的猴子 只能在寒风中颤抖
Lower ranking individuals are literally left out in the cold.
日本猕猴的社会明显呈现两极化
Japanese macaque society is very divided.
有的逍遥自在 有的什么都没有
There are those that have. And those that have not.
这是一种很残忍♥的分化
And that is a harsh division,
因为热腾腾的温泉 和冰天雪地间
because the sixty degrees that separate the steaming water
六十度的差距
from the freezing surroundings
有时是决定生死的关键
can make the difference between life and death.
但绝大多数的灵长类
But by far the majority of primate species
都住在温暖的热带森林里
live in warm tropical forests.
其中包括了体型最大的灵长类
Among them are the largest of all.
平地大猩猩的家族族群稳定
Gorillas live in stable family groups
族群只有单一领袖
with just a single leader,
一只银背公猩猩
a silverback male.
这只住在刚果盆地的银背公猩猩 守护着由五只母猩猩
This one, here in the Congo basin, is the guardian of his family
和它们的宝宝组成的家族
which includes five females and their infants.
它们觅食的森林地面危机四伏
He has the responsibility of protecting them from the dangers
银背公猩猩要负起 保护它们的责任
that abound on the forest floor where they feed.
体型庞大的银背公猩猩 一天要吃三十公斤的食物才会饱
To sustain his huge size, he must consume up to thirty kilos a day.
它们主要是吃素
It's mostly plant food,
但大猩猩有时也会拿用一顿 美味的白蚁小点
but western gorillas also enjoy a sprinkling of termites.
小猩猩食量比爸爸小得多
The youngsters need to eat far less than their father,
所以有很多空闲时间
so they've got time on their hands.
它们和人类一样
They like to play for the same reasons we do...
以游戏取乐
for fun.
同时借着游戏建立长久的友谊
And it helps build long-lasting relationships.
银背公猩猩 一刻也不松懈地盯着它们
Their protector keeps a watchful eye on them.
但是
But then...
午睡时间到了
..it's time for his siesta.
森林中的宁静被打破了
Something shatters the peace.
这只银背猩猩占了上好的地盘
This silverback's territory is one of the best.
但附近至少还有八个猩猩家族
But it has borders with at least eight other gorilla groups.
它们槌胸的声音
The sound of chest-beating
在藤蔓丛生的林下植群中 可以传到一公里之外
travels more than a mile through the tangled under-storey.
这是宣示主♥权♥的战鼓声
It's a territorial drum-beat.
想住在这里就得识相点 搞清楚谁才是老大
Everyone must know who is boss around here.
体型比较小的灵长类 行踪隐密得多
Other smaller primates are rather more secretive.
印尼的苏拉威西岛上 住着一种很特别的灵长类
One of the most unusual is found in Sulawesi, Indonesia.
有一只住在这棵 热带榕树的气根间
It lives among the aerial roots of this strangler fig.
它们的祖先在白天时出来打猎
Its ancestors were daytime hunters,
但它们发现黄昏时出来觅食 竟争对手比较少
but they found that there was less competition
现在它们只在天黑之后
if they looked for food in the twilight.
才会出来活动
Now they only stir after dark.
不过天黑之后 可以吃的昆虫还是很多
Nonetheless there's a lot of insect food around.
这是眼镜猴
The spectral tarsier.
眼镜猴是世上唯一 只以食肉为生的灵长类
Tarsiers are the only totally carnivorous primates on Earth.
它们四千五百万年来 几乎没什么变化
They've hardly changed in 45 million years.
大大的眼睛 在最微弱的光线下都看得到东西
Their huge eyes can see in even the faintest light.
眼镜猴的眼球太大 所以在眼窝里无法转动
These eye-balls are so wide they can't swivel in their sockets -
它们得要转头才行