文明（2018）

Civilisations S01E05

Part 2 Feb. 24, 2021, 4:16 p.m.

something built on the ground that is full of this kind of
本是尘世中的建筑却充满了这种
planetary uplift towards which our gaze is sent
超脱尘世之感也让我们凝视的目光
over and over again
久久不能离开
is what makes this place
正是这一点让这里
one of the most beautiful buildings on earth.
成为了世上最美的建筑之一
Sinan was not working in isolation.
希南并非闭门造车
He knew very well, that in Christian Europe
他非常清楚在基♥督♥教治下的欧洲
architects had been working to remake Christian architecture
建筑师们都在努力将基♥督♥教建筑整修成
on an imperial scale.
具有宏大规格的建筑
Turkish visitors to Rome, just like their Italian counterparts
土耳其人游罗马就相当于意大利人
visiting Istanbul, would have seen first hand
去游览伊斯坦布尔能够直接看到
this east-west competition of cultural one-upmanship.
这种自觉高人一等的东西文化之间的较量
Sinan had thought obsessively about the long history
希南曾非常痴迷于君士坦丁堡那段
of Constantinople.
悠长的历史
And in Rome, too,
而在罗马
artists and architects found themselves
艺术家和建筑师们也发现
in a dialogue with the past.
他们是在与过去进行对话
The Western Renaissance had been founded on the idea
西方文艺复兴的基础理念
of rebuilding the ruins of the classical pagan past
就是要重建古典异教风格的过去
and re-consecrating them for a new Christian age.
再将此重新奉献给新的基♥督♥教时代
The supreme test would be St Peter's.
终极考验就是圣伯多禄大殿
The original basilica built by Constantine in the fourth century
大殿原本是四世纪时由君士坦丁大帝建造的
was, by 1500, in danger of collapse.
到十六世纪早已几近坍塌
In 1505, Pope Julius II shocked Rome
在1505年教宗儒略二世决定拆毁
by deciding to demolish the old basilica.
老旧的大殿这一决定震惊了罗马
The visionary architect Donato Bromante won the competition
远见卓识的建筑师多纳托·伯拉孟特赢得了
to build its successor.
重建大殿的资格
He got the job because a small,
他能得到这份工作是因为
perfect building caught the Pope's eye.
一座完美的小型建筑令教宗侧目
This little gem is really a glimpse inside the Renaissance mind,
这座小而精悍的建筑充分体现了文艺复兴理念
in particular, into Donato Bromante's mind.
特别是充分体现了多纳托·伯拉孟特的理念
It's a freestanding shrine to St Peter
那是一个圣彼得的独♥立♥神龛
in the cloister of the church of San Pietro in Montorio,
位于蒙托里奥的圣伯多禄大殿的走廊中
the place where St Peter himself was said
据说就是在那个地方
to have been crucified upside down.
圣彼得被倒着钉死在了十字架上
Let's think about what the word Renaissance means.
让我们来想想文艺复兴这个词的意思
It means a rebirth.
它意味着重生
And what was being reborn was classical antiquity.
而获得重生的就是经典的古风古迹
Bromante walked around Rome making very careful
伯拉孟特在罗马四处游走将他的所见
scholarly notes of what he saw.
记录成了严谨的学术笔记
What he saw were pagan temples.
他看到了异教的神庙
So, what we have here is the perfect classical form
我们现在所见的就是已被毁掉的罗马教堂
of one of those ruined Roman temples.
完美的古典风格
A dome, sitting on a drum,
一个坐落在圆鼓石上的穹顶
with a colonnaded encirclement outside.
外♥围♥环绕一圈石柱廊
And, as such, what it does is take those perfect forms,
如此一来这座建筑就将这些完美的图形
the hemisphere and wheeling circle,
将半球形和旋转的圆圈线条
the revolution of the planets,
将星球的革命结合起来
like a great cosmic timepiece, and says,
仿佛一台巨大的宇宙时钟好像在说
this, harmoniously, is how the new sacred art is going to be.
这种和谐之美才是新一代宗教艺术该有的样子
There's something else on Bromante's mind, as well.
伯拉孟特也有别的想法
This is really a miniature size, doll's house prototype
这就是一个微小的雏形
for what he will want to happen to St Peter's itself.
他就想将圣伯多禄大殿建成这个样子
Only one problem.
只是有一个问题
This is so perfect because it is so teeny-weeny.
这建筑太完美了因为它非常的袖珍
But his job was to put Hagia Sophia in the shade.
但他要做的是要让圣索菲亚大教堂相形见绌
So, St Peter's had to be very big indeed.
所以圣伯多禄大殿一定要建得非常宏伟
And that was going to be a mighty challenge.
这可是一项艰巨的挑战
Bromante began work in 1506
伯拉孟特于1506年开始工作
but he didn't live to see his miniature
但他没能活着见到他微型的圣伯多禄
St Peter's translated into the big one.
变成宏伟大殿的那一天
But the greatest of his successors, Michelangelo,
但他继承者中最了不起的一位米开朗基罗
was determined to honour the essence of Bromante's design.
打算向伯拉孟特的设计的精髓致敬
A central dome pierced by windows.
打造一个嵌有窗户的中♥央♥穹顶
Michelangelo was in his 70s when,
米开朗基罗是教宗的第三人选
as the Pope's third choice, he got the job,
得到这份工作时他已经七十多岁了
grumbling that he was doing it
他总是喃喃地说
only for the glory of God.
他建造大殿只为彰显上帝的荣耀
Many of his greatest late works
他许多伟大的后期作品
like The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel
比如西斯廷礼拜堂中的《最后的审判》
were in their own way
自成一体
titanic architectural constructions,
融合进庞大的建筑结构中
vast masses of figures, pulled and pushed through space.
并在有限的空间中绘就了大量的人物
Most of his drawings for the project have been lost
他的大多数设计图纸都已丢失
but a wooden model survives
只有一个木头模型留存下来
to show us that his vision, like Bromante's,
向我们展示他的想法就像伯拉孟特的一样
was of an enormous Christian temple, a Greek cross.
即一座巨大的基♥督♥教教堂一座希腊十字架
No nave or fussy side chapels distracting from the focal point of
没有偏殿和浮华的偏殿小礼拜堂来分散
the great crowning dome,
宏大穹顶的焦点
its windows flooding the interior with light.
日光透过圆顶的窗户直接流入殿内
The whole immense structure supported on four giant piers.
整座巨大的结构由四根支柱支撑
It's astonishing to realise that the two greatest monumental
让人震惊的是世上最伟大的
buildings in the world, one for Islam
两大不朽建筑一个属于伊♥斯♥兰♥教
and one for Christianity,
另一个属于基♥督♥教
were going up at the same time in the 1550s.
均建于十六世纪五十年代
And, on the same basic building principles.
也依据同一个基本建筑原则
Many wonder did Mimar Sinan
很多人好奇米马尔·希南
and Michelangelo know what each other was doing?
和米开朗基罗是否知道彼此的所为
For Michelangelo, as for Sinan, the challenge was how to make
对米开朗基罗和希南来说难点是
the mighty engineering beautiful, apparently seamless.
如何让巨大的工程变得美丽乃至天衣无缝
He took his cue from Bromante,
他从伯拉孟特那得到的启发
a perfect elegant hemispherical dome,
就是一个完美又优雅的半球形圆顶
an echo of ancient Rome.
也是来自古罗马的悠远回音
But it was also somehow pure,
但它也十分纯粹
Michelangelo's colossal strength translated into flowing line.
米开朗基罗伟大的能量体现在流畅的线条
Michelangelo toiled away into his 80s on this.
米开朗基罗年届八十却仍在为此辛劳
Living in a cell-like room in St Peter's, racked with pain,
他在圣伯多禄大殿的小房♥间里艰苦过活
refusing pay, eating very little.
拒领薪酬食少事烦
February 24th, 1552, was a great day.
1552年2月24日是一个伟大的日子
Both in the career of the 76-year-old Michelangelo
对于76岁的米开朗基罗的事业如此
and in the long extraordinary history of the biggest dome
对于漫长历史中这座世界上最大的穹顶
in the world, the cupola on top of St Peter's
圣伯多禄大殿的穹顶来说亦是如此
because it was the day when the cornice of the drum was finished.
因为就在这一天穹顶鼓形座的飞檐完工了
The cornice is just below the area of the windows.
飞檐就在窗户的下面
Essentially, it's the base which made it impossible for anyone,
基本上就是这个基底使得任何人都不可能
no matter what happened after Michelangelo's death,
改变其大小无论十二年后
12 years later, to change its size, but, more importantly,
米开朗基罗去世后发生什么但更重要的是
it made it impossible to change Michelangelo's beautiful vision.
改变米开朗基罗美丽设想也变得不可能
To mark this great occasion, what did Michelangelo do?
为了纪念这一重要时刻米开朗基罗做了什么
He threw a party.
他举办了一场聚会
And it wasn't for the patricians and the princes,
这不是为贵族君王
and the Cardinal and the Pope,
红衣主教教皇举办的
it was for the workmen who made this possible.
而是为了使其得以实现的工人们
It was all the sausage you could possibly eat,
香肠享用不尽
four enormous pork livers, and what does this tell us
四块超大猪肝这告诉我们什么
about Michelangelo beyond the lovely anecdote that
除了米开朗基罗
he felt a kind of fraternal solidarity with the workmen?
和工人们之间有深厚感情之外
It tells us this.
这告诉我们
That Michelangelo, through all his life,
米开朗基罗一生
valued what his contemporaries
珍视同时代的人称为
called "Ars". Ars, means art, in the old sense of hands-on skill.
艺的东西艺就是艺术古义指动手能力
In his case, of an almost sublime gift for technical engineering,
在他那里就是指技术工程和构造能力的
for structural power.
非凡天赋
Knowing exactly what should go where.
天生知道该如何构造
But you weren't going to be a great artist
但你依旧无法成为伟大的艺术家
unless you could also marry that technical ability
除非你还拥有一种技能
with what Michelangelo's contemporaries called "Ingenio" -
米开朗基罗同时代的人称之为Ingenio
the ability to conceive a sublime idea.
即孕育卓越想法的能力
And that heroic idea survived even his successors
那伟大的想法依旧不变
making the curve of the dome much steeper.
即使后人将圆顶的弧线弧度加大