文明（2018）

Civilisations S01E03

Part 7 Feb. 24, 2021, 4:15 p.m.

All of these efforts, like most propaganda,
令人伤感的是和大多数传道一样
《山景》(1865)
托马斯·莫兰
were sentimentally forgettable once the war was over.
所有这些一旦战争结束就被遗忘
But one great painting
但一副伟大的画作
came out of the craving for landscape consolation.
摆脱了渴望美景的模式
And it was a distinctly unromantic elegy,
它无疑是平淡无奇的挽歌♥
both tragic and hopeful at the same time.
同时具有悲剧色彩和希望
《在新田野的老兵》(1865)
温斯洛·霍默
The Veteran In A New Field
《在新田野的老兵》
was the work of the greatest, in my view,
在我看来是十九世纪所有美国艺术家的作品中
of all 19th-century American artists.
最伟大作品
Winslow Homer was then just 29
温斯洛·霍默时年仅二十九岁
and fresh from the battlefield.
刚从战场上返回
As a war illustrator for magazines and newspapers,
他给杂♥志♥和报纸画战争插画
《用刺刀进攻》《哈珀周刊》卷七
温斯洛·霍默(1862)
he'd seen the carnage first-hand.
他见过大屠♥杀♥
Unlike the starry-eyed painters of expansive horizons,
不像那些画广阔天空的画家
with their Olympian points of view,
持超图世俗的观点
Homer's picture comes down to earth
霍默的画脚踏实地
and plants us deep in the soil.
带我们深入土地
That soil is both infinitely fertile, bursting with gold,
土地肥沃充满金子
but also, of course, deeply blood-soaked.
但也浸满鲜血
Homer painted it in 1865,
霍默于1865年完成该作品
just a few months after the bloodiest war in all US history
就在美国史上最血腥的战争
had come to an end.
结束后的几个月之后
The traumatic shock of Lincoln's assassination, too,
林肯被刺杀造成的震惊
was still raw in Homer's mind.
霍默依旧记忆犹新
In the solitary, epic figure of the veteran, there is, of course,
在孤独又伟大的老兵身上
something of the lonely nobility of the martyred president -
当然也有遇害总统身上孤单又高贵的品质
thanklessly toiling, and,
徒劳地劳苦
I believe, also something of Homer himself.
我相信也有霍默自身的东西
Like his namesake from classical antiquity,
像和他同名的古典时代人物一样[荷马]
Homer conjures the great themes
霍默创造了伟大的主题
of sacrifice and regeneration and, of course,
将牺牲重生当然还有
the endless regiments of the fallen, embodied in the wheat.
无数倒下的军人通过小麦而体现
But, most of all, it's a picture of American gold.
但最重要的它是有关美国黄金的画
Perhaps the only gold which truly mattered -
或许唯一真正重要的金子就是
the gold of the endless prairies,
无垠的蓝色天空下
standing beneath an infinitely blue harvest sky.
广袤的大草原
Tragedy, coloured by an impassioned religious faith
在无尽的美国未来中
in a boundless American future,
被热情的宗教信仰浸染的悲剧
planted in boundless American space.
在无限的美国大地上生根发芽
Lincoln himself never lost that faith.
林肯从未失去那个信仰
Even before the war was over,
甚至在战争结束前
he pushed through a law to protect and bequeath
他就促使通过一项法律来保护
one particular landscape, one American Eden,
流传给子孙后代一个特别的风景
to the people for all posterity.
一个美国伊甸园
While America's wounds would stay livid
当美国的伤口还需要
and open for generations to come,
几代人的时间来愈合
this would be at least one place of miraculous healing.
这个地方可能是奇迹般的治愈
Yosemite in the Sierra Nevada.
内华达山脉的约塞米蒂
Very rapidly,
很快
Yosemite became America's most sensational tourist destination.
约塞米蒂成为美国最有名的旅游胜地
Its lonely beauty instantly compromised by its popularity.
它那罕见的美景在人潮影响之下很快变化
And the images which promoted it made sure to represent it
而宣传了这里的画作更是像美国的做法那样
as they did much of America - as empty of native people.
将原住民消隐得干干净净
The Miwok Indians were either moved on or painted out.
米沃克族印第安人要么离开要么被驱逐
《约塞米蒂山谷》(186♥4♥)
阿尔伯特·比尔史伯特
And when Yosemite eventually found its ultimate visual poet,
当约塞米蒂最终遇到了其视觉诗人
he too cleared the view of humans.
诗人也排除了人的影响
In 1916,
1916年
a teenager from San Francisco
来自旧金山的一名少年
visited Yosemite for the first time.
第一次去约塞米蒂
Ansel Adams was always going down with something -
安塞尔·亚当斯总是体弱多病
the flu, measles, a nasty cough -
流感麻疹讨厌的咳嗽
the sort of thing budding pianists bent over the keyboard
这些疾病都是伏在琴键上钢琴家们的职业病
were supposed to get, and Adams was one of those.
亚当斯也没能幸免
But, while he was wheezing and hacking,
但当他在卖♥♥力喘气和咳嗽的时候
he'd read a book about Yosemite
他读到了一本关于约塞米蒂的书
and when a get-well trip was suggested,
当被建议旅行养病时
he'd go nowhere else.
他笃定了这里
Visiting Yosemite was an epiphany for Adams,
拜访约塞米蒂对亚当斯来说是一种顿悟
like falling in love.
宛如坠入爱河
Gradually, the music faded
渐渐地音乐褪去
and surrendering to the drama of the Sierra Nevada light,
屈服于内华达山脉富于变化的光线
photography became everything.
摄影就是生命中的一切
Ansel Adams' miracle moment came in 1927.
安塞尔·亚当斯的奇迹时刻发生于1927年
He climbed to 4,000 feet in deep snow,
他在厚厚的雪中爬了一千多米
to the precipitous spot known as the Diving Board.
到达了一个被称为"跳水板"的险峻地方
With the light failing and down to one glass plate,
随着光线暗淡投射到了一张玻璃板底片上
he had the inspired idea
他突发奇想
of using a dark red filter to turn the sky almost black,
用一张暗红色滤光镜将天空几乎变成黑色
and create an extreme contrast between snow and mountain.
从而营造出雪与山之间极度的对比
And he produced one of the greatest masterpieces
他创造出了一幅最伟大的杰作
of American, or any other art.
不论是在美国还是其它艺术领域
Adams called it his visualisation.
亚当斯称其为他的可视化
Not what his eye
不是他的眼睛
but the inner lens of his imagination, could see.
是他的想象力如同他内在的镜头具象化了
《巨石半个火山口的脸》(1927)
安塞尔·亚当斯
He became not just Yosemite's photographer
他不仅成为了约塞米蒂的摄影家
but its great artist,
更是伟大的艺术家
the high priest of its temple,
是能将这片土地上的庙宇巨石水
of its stone, its light and its water.
传神表达的大祭司
And what he produced in those landscape altarpieces -
这些自然风景曾经肯定是祭品
because that's what they surely were -
亚当斯通过它们表达的
was an America irradiated with luminous majesty.
是美国闪耀着万丈光芒的雄伟
Taller than the highest skyscraper,
比最高的摩天大楼还要高大
more powerful than the mightiest business corporation.
比最强大的商业公♥司♥更强大
And he wanted Yosemite to be for everyone.
他希望约塞米蒂成为每个人的
This is our land.
这是我们的土地
**This land is your land*
*这是你的土地
**And this land is my land*
*也是我的土地
**From California*
*从加利福尼亚州
**To the New York island*
*一直到纽约岛
It was in the 1950s that Adams' photographs
二十世纪五十年代亚当斯的摄影作品
built into a mission for mankind,
被用于一份对全人类的布道中
a protest against the damage that could be done to the Earth
那是一份抗♥议♥ 针对由于人类对金钱的贪欲
by the lust for a fast buck.
而可能会对地球造成的危害
It culminated in This Is The American Earth,
这份抗♥议♥在"这是美国人的土地"中达到高♥潮♥
a hymn to the beauty of the natural world,
这是一首对自然之美的赞美诗
and an instant bestseller.
也是一本瞬间火爆的畅销书
More and more, Adams' photographs became preachy,
亚当斯的作品变得越来越说教
but those visual sermons were ecstatic, radiant, mystical,
但这些可见的说教是狂喜充满光芒神秘
passionate statements about
充满激♥情♥的声明
how humanity could be redeemed
陈述了人类是如何
through its encounter with nature.
通过与自然的邂逅得到救赎
In his later years,
在他的晚年
he became a kind of patriarch of environmentalism,
他成为了环境保护论的创始人
and, every so often, he'd put down his camera
偶尔他会放下相机
and even leave his beloved Yosemite
甚至离开他钟爱的约塞米蒂
to go and try and persuade presidents to his point of view.
试着用他的观点说服总统们
But, throughout it all,
但自始至终
he remained steadfast to his core belief
他一直坚定着自己最核心的信念
that his job in life was to give visual expression
即毕生的工作就是形象化地表达
to that silken cord tying together the fate of man
一个人的命运和地球命运之间的
with the fate of the Earth.
纽带联♥系♥
In 1977, the photographer as prophet had his moment.
1977年是这位摄影家兼先知的重要时刻
Nasa prepared to launch its Voyager spacecraft
美国航♥天♥局准备执行任务
on a mission to outer space.
将旅行者1号♥发射外太空
On board was the Golden Record.
金唱片上了太空船