文明（2018）

Civilisations S01E02

Part 5 Feb. 24, 2021, 4:14 p.m.

of a slightly different bronze alloy.
青铜合金所呈现出来的
It's almost as if the bronze
就仿佛这堆青铜
has become the man's skin.
已成为了这男人的皮肤
What makes the boxer so impressive
让这名拳击手如此令人印象深刻的
isn't just the extraordinary technique.
不仅仅是这精湛的技艺
It's the point the piece is making.
而是这件作品的制♥作♥初衷
The artist has used the descriptive powers
艺术家运用这种现实主义的
of this version of realism
描绘事实的力量
to launch a devastating attack on the body culture
向古希腊人所痴迷的身体文化
that obsessed the Ancient Greeks.
发出了致命一击
He introduces a very different type of character
他塑造的人物与早先那些年轻的
from those early, youthful, well-toned athletes.
线条优美结实的运动员相去甚远
Not just in the wounds and the scars,
不仅仅有累累的伤痕
but in the emotional collapse.
还有情感的崩塌
In a world in which there was something of a cult
当时的社会充斥着对年轻运动实力的
of youthful athletic prowess,
狂热崇拜
all those telling realistic details add up to a reminder
所有生动而逼真的细节都在提醒人们
that the body beautiful
美丽的躯体
was not so very far from the body brutalised.
与饱受残害的身体仅一线之隔
This work of art is prodding
这件作品直击
at the awkward underbelly of Greek culture.
希腊文化的软肋
It's the incisive brilliance of sculptures like The Boxer
正是像拳击手这种鞭辟入里的雕塑
that gives the impression that the Greek Revolution
让我们看到这场希腊革命
was an unalloyed triumph of artistic achievement.
在艺术成就上取得了纯粹的胜利
But there is another way of looking at the Greek Revolution,
但是还能从另一个角度看待希腊革命
and at its losses as well as its gains.
其有所得则必有所失
Remember Phrasikleia, who died unmarried?
还记得佛雷斯科莱这位未婚而亡的少女吗
She was made long before that revolutionary change.
她的诞生早在这场变革之前
What I love is her elegance and simplicity.
我喜欢的正是她的优雅简洁
The way she reaches out,
她伸出手
offering a gift, or meeting us eye-to-eye.
献出礼物与我们四目相对
That directness is exactly
这种直率正是
what gets lost in the Greek Revolution.
希腊革命所丢失掉的
Later sculptures may be more supple than Phrasikleia,
后世的雕像比起佛雷斯科莱或许更加精细
they may seem to move more adventurously,
动作更加大胆
but they don't engage us in the same way.
但带给我们的感受却判若两然
In fact, if you try to look them in the eye,
其实要是你直视他们的眼睛
many of them coyly avoid your gaze.
多数都会羞怯地回避你的凝视
And many of them,
还有许多
like The Boxer, seem lost in their own world.
像拳击手这样迷失在他们自己的世界中
It's almost as if the involved viewer
就好像参与其中的观察者
has become an admiring voyeur,
变成了远远欣赏的窥视者
and we are one step on the way
而我们距离雕像成为艺术品
to sculpture becoming an art object.
又进了一步
Phrasikleia is determinedly resisting being an art object,
佛雷斯科莱绝不愿做一件艺术品
and one thing she is not is coy.
也绝非羞赧之辈
But the problems of the Greek Revolution don't stop here.
但希腊革命的问题并未就此止步
Just a few hundred years after Phrasikleia,
仅在《佛雷斯科莱少女》之后几百年间
this is what female sculptures in the Greek world had become.
希腊世界的女性雕塑就发展到了如此程度
This sculpture exposes some of the dangers
这尊雕塑展现出追求现实主义
in the pursuit of realism,
所面临的危险
and that blurry and perilous boundary between artefact and flesh.
以及工艺品与人体之间模糊而危险的边界
This notorious body belongs to the Greek goddess Aphrodite.
这具声名狼藉的身体属于希腊女神阿佛洛狄忒
It is a Roman version of a ground-breaking
这座古罗马雕塑突破常规
statue by the sculptor Praxiteles
由雕刻家普拉克西特列斯
in the fourth century BC.
于公元前四世纪打造
In the ancient world, this was celebrated
当时人们赞美其为
as a milestone in classical art
古典艺术的里程碑
because it was the first naked statue of a woman.
因为这是第一座裸体女性雕塑
Today, it's difficult to see beyond
时至今日这样的雕塑
the ubiquity of images like this
似乎无比寻常四处皆有
and recapture just how daring and dangerous
人们也很难想象这座雕塑
it would have been for the ancient Greeks.
在当时的古希腊人看来有多么大胆和危险
This sculpture broke through social conventions.
这座雕塑冲破了社会常规
It wasn't just that up to this point
并不仅仅是因为在这之前
female statues had been clothed.
女性雕塑都是有衣物蔽体
In some parts of the Greek world, real-life women -
在希腊的一些地方现实社会中的女性
at least among the upper-class - went around veiled.
特别是上流社会的女性都戴着面纱出门
But, in fact, it wasn't just the nakedness -
实际也不仅仅是因为裸♥露♥
this Aphrodite broke the mould in a decidedly erotic way.
而是阿佛洛狄忒破格地具有诱惑性的姿态
Just look at her hands.
看看她的双手吧
Are they modestly trying to cover herself up?
她的手是想小心地遮蔽身体吗
Are they pointing us in the direction
还是特意指向了
of what we want to see most?
我们最想看的部位呢
Or are they simply a tease?
或者就是一次直白的挑逗呢
Whatever the answer,
无论答案是什么
Praxiteles has established that edgy relationship
普拉克西特列斯的确在
between a statue of a woman
一尊女性雕像
and an assumed male viewer
和一位假想的男性观众间
that has never been lost
建立了一种紧张的关系
from the history of European art.
而这种关系一直都存在于欧洲艺术史中
But that difficult boundary between statue and flesh
但希腊人本身却深谙
was understood by the Greeks themselves.
雕像和鲜活肉体之间很难界定的界线
They told a tale that shows how they, too,
流传的故事同样表明
knew of the perils they faced in creating what they saw
他们自己也深知创作写实人体雕塑
as realistic images of the human body.
所面临的危险
One night, it was said,
据说有一天夜里
a young man became so aroused by this statue,
一位青年男子深深地被这尊雕像吸引住了
he forced himself upon it, leaving a stain of lust on her thigh.
霸王硬上弓在她的大腿上留下情欲的污渍
He later threw himself over a cliff to his death, in shame.
之后出于羞愧跳崖而亡
That story of the stain not only shows
关于污渍的故事不仅表现了
how a female statue can drive a man mad,
一尊女性雕像是如何让一位男性疯狂的
but also how art can act as an alibi
也揭示了艺术是如何成为
for what was - let's face it - rape.
"强♥暴♥"的托词的
Don't forget - Aphrodite never consented.
别忘了阿佛洛狄忒可从没同意过
But however troubling the Greek Revolution was in its own time,
不过不管当时那场希腊革命有多纷繁复杂
there's a deeper legacy that reaches the modern age.
它确实给后世造成了深刻的影响
One to which we are often blind.
其中有一点是我们经常忽视的
Inherited by Ancient Rome, rekindled in the European Renaissance,
由古罗马继承重燃于文艺复兴
faith in the Greek version of realism persisted through time.
希腊现实主义的信仰历久弥新
And as the reverence for the classical style grew,
随着对古典风格的愈加崇拜
it would be invested with even greater meaning.
希腊的古典主义被赋予了更丰富的涵义
Not just as a model for figurative art to aspire to,
它不仅是具象艺术所追求的典范
but nothing less than a barometer of civilisation itself.
更是反映文明本身的晴雨表
To understand the forces at work,
为了理解创作这些作品的内在动力
you have to follow in the footsteps of the classical bodies
你需要去跟随古典主体
that left their original habitat of Greece and Rome...
离开了原始栖息地希腊和罗马之后的脚步
..And by the 18th century
到了十八世纪
had found themselves in distinctly foreign worlds,
古典风格在其他国家被发现
adorning the mansions and palaces of Northern Europe.
装饰着北欧住♥宅♥和宫殿
Syon House was once the fashionable country house
赛昂宫曾经是诺森伯兰公爵和公爵夫人的
of the first Duke and Duchess of Northumberland.
时尚乡村别♥墅♥
In the mid-1700s, they transformed the house
在十七世纪中期他们将别♥墅♥改造成了
into a vivid and imagined expression of the classical world.
古典世界生动形象的写照
Here, we're in the company of ancient bodies -
在此我们置身于古老的人体雕塑中
both originals and imitations.
有原作也有仿制品
And it can seem an oppressive space
这里似乎是个强制性的空间
in which no other way
不允许
of representing the human form is permitted.
以其他形式展现人类的形态
The climactic set piece of the house
这栋别♥墅♥最精彩的部分
is in a central hall
在中♥央♥大厅之中
where two great masterpieces of ancient sculpture face off.
两座古代雕塑杰作面对面陈列着
At one end, the Dying Gaul...
一边是《垂死的高卢人》
..A figure who is said to embody the ancient virtue
据说这个人物体现了贵族
of nobility in defeat.
在战败中的高贵品格
But in this room,
但在这间屋子里
he is forever overshadowed by what stands opposite.
他永远都因对面那件作品而黯然失色
By far the most important sculpture in the entire house is this one.
目前为止整间屋子最重要的作品就是这件了
It's a replica of a classical work
这是一件古典作品的复♥制♥品
originally made perhaps around 300 BC.
最初约在公元前三百年雕刻完成