文明（2018）

Civilisations S01E01

Part 2 Feb. 24, 2021, 4:14 p.m.

This was a doubling of the world, a life copy,
这是个复♥制♥的世界生活的翻版
and executed with startling precision of drawing technique.
并以精密得令人惊讶的技术绘制而成
They even understood modelling,
他们甚至有立体的概念
anatomical features following the rock wall surface of the cave.
洞穴岩壁表面下的剖面结构
And there were many colours,
画中的色彩也更为丰富
not just the ubiquitous red ochre, but violets and blacks.
不仅有随处可见的红褐色还有紫罗兰和黑色
And all those techniques
而这些技术
seem to have been there from the beginning,
似乎从文明开始就已经存在了
tens of thousands of years ago.
远在几万年前
When you think about this technique, your head just spins
要使用这项技术你的大脑必须高速运转
because it has to have been, above all, a memory exercise.
毕竟这是个脑力活动
They would have had to fix in their mind exact anatomical details
他们必须在脑海中构建出具体结构
and then transpose them here on the surface of the cave.
然后把它们转绘到洞穴里的岩壁上
And, yet, when all that was done,
而当这一切都实现后
they managed to preserve miraculously this animal vitality.
他们设法奇迹般地保存了这种动物的生气
This is truly one of the great marvels
这确实是人类突然开阔的思想
of the suddenly expanded human mind.
所创造的伟大奇迹之一
It was in the later years of the 19th century
直到十九世纪后期
that images like these began to be discovered.
这样的绘画才逐渐被发现
The first, and for many years the most famous,
最早也是很长时间内最有名的壁画
were in the caves of Altamira,
是在阿尔塔米拉石洞被发现的
also in northern Spain.
也位于西班牙北部
Extraordinary paintings of bison, herds of them,
壁画上成群的野牛超凡绝伦
sleeping, lying, standing.
睡着的躺着的站着的
But as the number of painted caves discovered grew,
但随着越来越多的壁画石洞被发现
it became clear that art and music came into the world together,
人们逐渐认识到绘画和音乐是同时来到世间的
for musical instruments were found.
因为石洞中还发现了乐器
Animal horns...
动物角
flutes made from bones of vultures,
秃鹫骨头做成的笛子
and even more hauntingly, bullroarers,
还有更令人难以忘怀的吼板
a piece of wood tied to a rope spun round the head
把一块木头绑在绳子上在头顶旋转
that makes this strange whooping sound.
从而发出奇怪的吼叫声
Recent experiments with these instruments have suggested
近期关于这些乐器的实验表明
that the proximity of painting and music was not accidental,
绘画和音乐的相似性并非偶然
that they were connected elements in sacred rituals.
它们是神圣仪式中相关联的元素
I'm using software to test the acoustics in the space.
我正在用软件来测试这个空间的声音特性
So we generate this swept sine wave
我们生成这个正弦扫频信♥号♥♥
and we use that to capture the acoustic of the cave.
然后利用它来测定洞穴的声音特性
And we can look for relationships between sound and paintings.
接着我们可以来寻找声音和绘画之间的关系
哈德斯菲尔德大学
鲁珀特·希尔博士
So the earliest paintings
早期的壁画
seem to be in these small little side areas
在这些看上去小小的边缘地带
where maybe one person might be there alone.
可能只有一个人待着
And then the later paintings seem to be in more grand places,
后来的一些壁画位于看上去大一点的地方
a venue where a few people would have gathered,
可能是一群人聚集的一个会场
somewhere more dramatic that sounds more dramatic.
地方更大声音也更丰富
You can compare these spaces to a cathedral or a temple.
你可以把这些地方看作是教堂或寺庙
They're places where people came for sacred moments
人们为了神圣的活动来到这里
which were full of imagery and ritual and music.
活动中充满了绘画仪式和音乐
And it's like going into a place that's kind of underground,
就像进入了地下
where you can stop time,
在这里你可以停止时间
where you can pause and have that special moment
可以停下来享受一个特别的时刻
where you're out of time, where you're somewhere else.
不受时间约束的另一个所在
Painting is the sound.
壁画就是声音
The sound making, the music-making,
发出的声响演出的音乐
whatever was happening in this sacred ritual,
在这个神圣的仪式中发生的一切
that is the painting.
都被记录在了壁画中
The painting is what's left of that activity.
壁画是这些活动中留存下来的东西
Anthropologists and archaeologists tell us
人类学家和考古学家告诉我们
that almost all of ice-age painting
几乎所有冰河世纪的壁画
had some sort of otherworldly ritual function,
都有一些超脱尘世的仪式功能
and that, therefore, it ought not to be seen as art.
因此它们不应被看作是艺术
Though, of course, religion has been a primary purpose of art
尽管数千年来宗教都是艺术的
for thousands of years.
主要目的
In Africa, the animals that dominate European cave paintings
欧洲壁画由动物主导但在非洲
are accompanied by humans.
它们还有人类相伴
They appear as stylised, elongated figures.
他们以固定风格的细长的形象出现
Sometimes they're shown while becoming transformed into beasts.
有的时候他们还以野兽化的形象出现
Men with the heads of antelopes,
长着羚羊头的人
creatures that could never have been observed from life,
这是生活中看不到的生物
but which arose from the trance-struck imagination of the shamans.
而是源自于萨满的迷幻想象
In the rock art of Africa, these hybrids were painted.
在非洲的岩画中画着这些兽人
In Europe, where there were far fewer of them,
在欧洲兽人形象相比非洲少很多
they went three-dimensional.
但他们变成了三维立体的
In 1939, the fragments of this lion-man,
1939年在德国的石洞中发现了
carved from mammoth ivory, were found in a German cave.
这个用猛犸象牙雕刻而成的狮人的碎片
They remained an unsolved puzzle for 30 years
它们成了一个三十年未解之谜
before archaeologists realised that they formed a single figure
直到考古学家发现它们拼在一起是一个人物形象
made between 35,000 and 40,000 years ago.
距今三万五千到四万年
This may be a shaman in the middle of a transformation.
这可能是一个正在变身的萨满
It may be the very first of the beast gods,
它可能是最早的兽神
around which Pagan religions would build their mythologies.
异教的神话就是围绕它们创造的
Perhaps the making of such things was itself a sacred calling.
也许制♥作♥这样的东西本身就是一件神圣使命
To see how much work was needed to make a lion-man,
为了了解制♥作♥一个狮人需要多少精力
archaeologist Wulf Hein
考古学家沃尔夫·海因
embarked on an experiment to carve a replica
做了一个实验用真实的工具和材料
using authentic tools and materials.
来雕刻一个复♥制♥品
Without a mammoth tusk,
没有猛犸象牙
he used a piece of legally sourced elephant ivory.
他用的是一根合法获取的象牙
I started working from the whole tusk
我从完整的象牙开始动工
and then I took a big stone and hammered away this piece,
然后用大石头敲下这一块
乌尔姆博物馆实验考古学家
沃尔夫·海因
and I was sweating like hell
我全程汗流浃背
because if I would have ruined it, it would be a disaster.
因为我要是搞砸了就糟了
And the most time-consuming part of the work
最费时的是
was setting free the arms
分离出手臂
because I had to take a very tiny tool
我得用一个很小的工具
and make grooves like this underneath, into the ivory,
在象牙上挖出这样的凹槽
and just scratch and scratch and days and days
一天天不停地挖
and working and working.
一直挖
I had blisters on my hands, and every finger was aching.
挖得我手上起了水泡每根手指都疼
It was very heavy work.
工作量很大
I started in April
我从四月动工
and I stopped working in the middle of July.
到七月中旬结束
I worked about four, five hours a day.
每天大概制♥作♥四五个小时
In the end, it was about 400 hours, then I stopped counting.
最后算了下有四百个工时
I guess it was a real artist who made this.
我觉得它的制♥作♥者是真正的艺术家
And he was set free by his community
他的族人允许他
only to do this piece of artwork.
只专心制♥作♥这个工艺品
If you do this a whole summer or a whole winter through,
如果你花整个夏天或冬天做这个
you can't go hunting, you can't go fishing, you can't do nothing
你就无法打猎钓鱼什么都干不了
because you work all day on it.
因为你全天都得干这个
It must have had incredible meaning for the people who made it.
它对制♥作♥者一定有非同寻常的意义
And these must have been charged with meaning too.
而这些应该也被赋予了特殊意义
Small figurines embodying the primal life events
这些小雕像展现了原始生活的
of birth and procreation.
生产及生殖行为
Gravid earth mothers weighty with fertility,
孕育着生命的大地母亲大腹便便
enormous distended breasts and buttocks.
有着极其丰满的胸部和臀部
So powerfully elemental they seemed to speak directly
这些元素是如此醒目现代艺术家们
to modern artists when they first saw them.
第一眼见到它们就读懂了其中的含义
The most self-consciously modern of them all, Picasso,
其中最具有现代意识的那位毕加索
told a friend that no sculptor had ever bettered
曾告诉一个朋友没有雕塑家可以超越
the Palaeolithic carvers.
旧石器时代的雕刻家们
He bought a copy of this one, Venus of Lespugue,
他购买♥♥了这尊《莱斯皮盖的维纳斯》的一个复♥制♥品
and kept it in his studio all his life.
并终生把它保存在画室中
Was he touched by its archaic spirituality?
他是被它古老的灵性所触动了吗
No.
不是
He was earthly and worldly,
他是一个凡俗之人
but he felt a deep communion with the makers of a physical art.
却与这艺术品的制♥作♥者有着深深的共鸣
And there were traces of that communion elsewhere in his work.
这一共鸣在他的作品里也有迹可循