BBC：上帝如何造就英国人（2012）

from Bradford.
很多人做非英国国教礼拜的次数
Now here nearly three times as many
people at non-Anglican services
差不多是做英国国教礼拜的三倍多
as at the Church of England.
威尔士的数字甚至更为过头
And if you took the Welsh figures
they'd be even more extreme.
综合下来的统计数字
消除了城镇和乡村间的差异
Now, the overall statistics
which irons out the differences
between town and country
或者说是地区差异
每1000个人里有520个
or the regional variations,
you get 520 out of every 1,000
去教堂做礼拜的人
是英国国教♥徒♥,比例就是52%
church attendances
are Anglican, that's 52%.
这当然就说明,差不多有同样多的人
不去做英国国教礼拜
Which of course means that nearly
as many people are not attending
Church of England services.
既然有这么多人不做英国国教礼拜
With so many not going
to the Established Church,
那么"是英国人就得信英国国教"
这种说法就站不住脚了
the idea that it was ever the only
way to be English,
just doesn't stand up.
具有讽刺意味的是,从英国国教
教堂塔楼传来的钟声
The irony is that ringing out
from Anglican church towers
激荡着我的心灵
在我看来,这种声音非常迷人
is a sound which to my mind, rather
charmingly captures the plural
它体现了英国基♥督♥教多元化的本质
nature of English Christianity.
在天主教盛行的中世纪
英国教堂的大钟
In the centuries of medieval
Catholicism, English bells
发出的仅仅是一种嘈杂的巨大噪音
were simply rung out
in a great random noise,
就像在天主教占主导的欧洲各地一样
just as they were in every other
part of Catholic Europe.
但是在宗教改革之后
新教♥徒♥在鸣钟这一仪式上
But after the Reformation,
Protestants developed
发展出了一种独特的英国式手法
a uniquely English game
for ringing bells.
它有正式的规则
It had very formal rules.
但是它的特点改变了
彻底改变了,不一样了
But its hallmark was change,
re-invention, difference.
我们一个回合一个回合的来
We start off by ringing
what we call rounds,
鸣钟从最高音减弱到最低音
which is ringing down the scale
from the highest note
down to the heaviest note,
由简这里开始拉
and Jane's going to start us
off with that.
开始拉...拉吧
Going... Gone.
这样我们可以变换
鸣钟的顺序,或者说次序
And from there we can then change
the sequence or the order
of the bells.
比如我们开始拉的时候说"三到四"
So for example we start by saying
three to four,
第三钟和第四钟就会交换次序
还可以一次次地改变次序
bells three and four will swap over
and from there we can change
the order again, and again.
可以随意地变换下去
As long as you like.
只要你的邻居不抱怨
As much as the neighbours
will tolerate it!
我拉给你看看
I'll show you what we mean.
拉
Gone.
二到四
Two to four.
那么第二钟就和第四钟交换
Then we swap bells
two and four over.
次序就变了
That's changed the order.
二到三
Two to three.
交换第二和第三钟
That swaps bells two and three over.
四到二
Four to two.
这样变来变去可以持续几个小时
相信我,有意思极了
You can go on ringing the changes
for hours - trust me,
the maths does work!
三到二
Three to two.
几乎有500年之久了
And for nearly 500 years,
所有的英国基♥督♥徒都会这一招
all of English Christianity
has been like this.
还有一种更古老的再创造连绵至今
A continuous re-invention
of something much older.
你可以在很多小教堂
You can see it in the nation's
plethora of Chapels
和会议厅里看到
and Meeting Houses.
每一个新团体的出现都会改变英国国教
And every new group changed
the Church of England, forcing it
迫使它一点一点地变得
心胸更加宽广,包容更多的分歧
bit-by-bit to become a broader
church, embracing difference.
但是在能够真正自称为"宽容的教会"之前
还有一个关键性的论战摆在我们眼前
But one key battle remained
before it could truly call itself
a broad church.
这一次,宗教多元化之争
This time the struggle for religious
plurality reached right
从方方面面逼近了教会的大门
to the gates of the church,
in every sense.
结果将奠定英国人特性的未来基调
The outcome would set the tone
for the future of English identity.
萨福克郡 阿肯汉姆村
争论集中在非常重要的死亡问题上
The fight centred on
the all-important question of death.
150年以前,在这个乡村绝大多数角落
150 years ago, in most corners
of this country,
只有接受了英国国教的祈祷
死后才能进入天堂
you could only get to heaven
with the blessing of
the Church of England.
如果你不是英国国教教♥徒♥
那么连安葬亲人的方式
If you were not an Anglican
you might not be able to bury
都由不得你选择
your loved ones in the way
you wanted.
这就表明你这类英国人
和英国国教♥徒♥还是有区别的
That implied that you weren't
as English as the Anglicans.
这正是一个背弃了英国国教的家庭
And this was precisely the situation
facing one family
所要面对的窘境
who'd turned their backs
on the Church of England.
我们到了
阿肯汉姆教堂庭院的大门
Well, here we are,
the churchyard gate at Akenham.
尼古拉斯,跟我讲讲19世纪时
So, Nicholas, tell me a bit
about religious life
阿肯汉姆这里的宗教生活吧
in Akenham in the 19th century.
我认为阿肯汉姆在19世纪时
是个有点不同寻常的村庄
Akenham, I think, in the 19th century
was a somewhat unusual village.
几乎没有英国国教♥徒♥
如果要说有的话
There were very few Anglicans,
if any,
有两个大地主都是公理会教友
the two major landowners
were both Congregationalists,
他们会在某个星期天的早晨和雇工一起
they went to chapel in Ipswich
and took their labourers with them
坐着运货马车去
伊普斯威奇的小教堂做礼拜
on a Sunday morning, on carts.
所以这儿的教堂里
根本就没什么人做礼拜
So there were hardly any services
in the church at all.
这里有什么人吵架吗?
And what was the row here?
一个孩子的葬礼闹得沸沸扬扬
This particular row was over
the burial of a baby -
一个两岁男孩
a two year old child -
他实际上不是公理会教友
而是浸礼会教友
who was, in fact, not a
Congregationalist but a Baptist.
哦,一个浸礼会教友
比公理会教友还糟糕嘛
Oh, a Baptist. So, much worse
than being a Congregationalist
因为他根本还没接受洗礼
because he wouldn't
have been baptised at all.
浸礼会教友要到了成年后方才接受洗礼
Baptists don't baptise until
you're of an age of discretion
自行决定,所以才两岁的孩子还没受过洗礼
to take it on yourself, so, no,
at two years old he wasn't baptised.
那么在葬礼期间怎么了?
So what would that mean
in terms of a funeral?
就是说,作为教区居民
这孩子有资格葬在教堂墓地
It meant that he was entitled
to burial in the churchyard
但是不能对他行什么宗教仪式
as a parishioner, but no service
could be read over the child at all.
一条小生命就这样悄无声息地逝去
这样处置似乎太冷酷了
This all made for a cold way
to mark the passing of a child.
小孩的家人愤愤不平
The family felt passionately
因为他们理应享有的
仪式权利遭到了拒绝
that their right to a proper
ceremony was being denied.
因此他们决定向教区里的