BBC：上帝如何造就英国人（2012）

尽可以将他们视作施虐狂或者偏执狂
just as sadists or bigots.
他们迫♥害♥异见人士的理由是有根据的
There was a good reason
for persecuting non believers.
那就是出于一种恐惧
And it stemmed from a fear.
对地狱的恐惧
A fear of hell.
查尔顿村圣彼得与圣保罗教堂
萨里郡的郊外枝叶繁茂
走进这座历经800多年沧桑的教堂
In the leafy suburbs of Surrey, in a
church dating back over 800 years,
你依稀可以感觉到
you can still get a glimpse
13世纪的英国人笃信,他们百年之后
into the terrifying fate that
the 13th century English believed
一种冥冥之中的噩运
会降临到他们头上
was awaiting them after death.
如果他们没能遵守
基♥督♥教的清规戒律,人就会倒霉
If they failed to live exemplary
Christian lives.
这种绘画就是绝大多数基♥督♥徒
Paintings like this were the way
学习基♥督♥教教义的途径
that most Christians
learned their Christianity
因为他们基本上都是文盲
所以绘画表达的意境主宰了他们
because they couldn't read or write
so pictures were everything.
这幅画教会他们
哪些东西需要优先考虑
And this picture taught
them their priorities.
请看画幅的当中
Look at the middle of it.
有一条很窄的白色带状物
We've got this quite narrow
white band.
请看这儿
Now that is the here and now.
你跟我都身处其间
That's where you and I live.
描绘的都是人们死后的生活
And everything else
is the afterlife.
请看,这里有把梯子
Now also look, there's a ladder.
它指着两个方向
It goes in two directions.
向上,它通往遥远的天堂
And upwards it goes
to a distant heaven.
但是往下看,有些人的灵魂就坠入了地狱
But downwards and look at those
souls tumbling down, into hell.
这种对于冥间永恒痛苦的恐惧
It was this fear of eternal pain
in the afterlife
引发了英国人对异♥议♥人♥士♥的迫♥害♥
which underlay English persecution
of those who were different.
如果犹太人,异教♥徒♥或者罪人
不改邪归正的话
If Jews, heretics or sinners
failed to change their ways
他们就会一辈子受到诅咒
they would be damned forever.
因而中世纪的基♥督♥徒坚决主张
So medieval Christians argued
强迫异教♥徒♥改宗
使之皈依为真正的基♥督♥徒
that forcibly converting such
deviants to true Christian faith
是一种悲天悯人的行为
was an act of compassion.
我们认为,无所谓人信仰什么
只要有宽容心都是一桩好事
We think that tolerance of all
beliefs or none is a good thing.
而当时的基♥督♥徒却认为这种想法很邪恶
They thought it was wicked.
认为我们这么想
是在阻挠人们通向天堂
You were preventing people
getting to heaven.
是在逼人下地狱
You were condemning them to hell.
把我们看成灵魂的杀人犯
You were a murderer of souls.
在英国历史上
这种骇人听闻的做法延续了1000年
It's shocking to realise that
for the first 1,000 years
这个民族给人心胸狭隘之感
of English history what defined
this nation was its intolerance
意识到这一点之后,我非常震惊
of all who were different.
这个国家今日的做法
比起以往天壤之别
Quite a contrast with
this country today.
但正如宗教恐惧引燃了
发生在英国的迫♥害♥事件那样
But just as it was religious fear
that sparked English persecution
恐惧也激发英国人变得更加宽容
so it was fear that also fired
the English to become more tolerant.
我要去意大利探寻究竟
And I'm heading to Italy
to uncover why.
意大利基耶蒂
(意大利中部阿布鲁佐大区一城市)
每到耶稣受难日
这个宁静的意大利小城
Every Good Friday
this quiet Italian town,
就被一种独特的宗教仪式变了个样
is transformed by
a unique religious ritual.
它的起源至少要上溯到1000年前
Dating back at least 1,000 years.
这种仪式依稀留有
当年英国天主教的影子
The ceremony gives us a glimpse
of what Catholic England
我仿佛回到了500年前
would've have looked and felt like
500 years ago.
仪式在大教堂外开始
It begins outside the Cathedral.
大家都打扮了一番
And everyone seems
to have turned out.
你想象不到这事会发生在英格兰吧?
You couldn't imagine this
happening in England, could you?
我认为不同的地方
What's different, I think,
就在于宗教仪式延伸到了街道上
is the way in which church has
spilled out into the street
以前的英国就是这个样子
and yet England was like that once.
15世纪的时候,英国人外向,易动情
In the 15th century the English
were extrovert, emotional,
街上排着好长的队伍
they had great processions
in the street.
1480年时的英格兰就是那样
This was England about 1480.
16世纪之前,英国人一直信仰罗马天主教
Up until the 16th century to be
English was to be Roman Catholic.
对教皇忠心耿耿
Devoted to the Pope.
但是对很多如今身处英格兰
世俗社会的人来说,这种天主教盛典
But for many in secular England
today, this Catholic pageantry
就像来自外星球一般
还有可能来自令人恐惧的世界
comes from an alien and perhaps
rather frightening world.
这种头巾也许暗示着对言论自♥由♥的压制
All these hoods might suggest
the stifling of free expression.
显示出天主教信仰的专横一面
The tyranny of Catholic belief.
被广为接受的常识是,在天主教教会
The received wisdom is
that when the Catholic Church
丧失了对英格兰的钳制以后
lost its grip on England,
开明的价值观念随之活跃开来
so more enlightened values
began to flourish.
从那时起,英国人就变得越发宽容了
That's when the English started to
become a more tolerant nation.
这个进程是从宗教改革发端的
And this process is seen as
beginning with the Reformation.
1534年,教皇和亨利八世闹得不可开交
In 1534 the Pope and Henry VIII
fell out spectacularly.
亨利想让教皇判决他的第一次婚姻无效
Over the annulment of Henry's
first marriage.
英格兰打算和教皇决裂
England was going to break
with Rome.
这些天主教意味浓郁的场面
来得快去得也快
And all this Catholic drama would
disappear as if it had never been.
塑像被捣毁,所有的圣物要烧掉
The statues destroyed,
all the holy objects burnt.
英国历史上有着千年传统的天主教
即将被人们抛弃
A thousand years of English history
was going to be junked.
这场宗教改革是个转折点,我很赞同
I agree that this Reformation
was a watershed.
这样一来,英国人最终变得越来越宽容
And that the English eventually
did become more tolerant.
不过据推测,这并非因为
But it had nothing to do
with supposedly more noble,
人们的价值观念
变得更高尚,更世俗
secular values.
恰恰相反
Quite the contrary.
宽容之路和宗教有着千丝万缕的联♥系♥
The road to tolerance is entirely
tangled up with religion.
新教改革实际上
衍生出一种新的宗教恐惧
The Protestant reformation actually
unleashed a new religious fear.
这次要轮到天主教♥徒♥了
This time of Catholics.
有意思的是,正是这类人最早促使
And the funny thing is that's
what first pushed the English
英国人提升了自身的宽容性
towards becoming a more
tolerant people.
伦敦汉普顿宫
这是亨利八世最喜爱的宫殿之一
Here at one of Henry VIII's
favourite palaces,
你可以体验到他是如何开始
对天主教产生憎恶心理的
you can get a taste of just how
this hatred of Catholicism began.
走道的一头挂着一幅令人毛骨悚然
不忍♥直视的图画
In one of the corridors is
a chillingly brutal image.
为接下来四个世纪的英国历史
奠定了宗教基调
Which set the tone for the next
four centuries of English history.
教皇保罗三世开除亨利的教籍没多久
King Henry commissioned this picture
亨利就托人制♥作♥了这幅画
soon after he'd been excommunicated