BBC：上帝如何造就英国人（2012）

from all positions of power,
天主教♥徒♥如果不在
新教教堂里做礼拜,就要罚他们的款
fined if they refuse to worship
in Protestant churches,
还经常会受到极度的怀疑
and often treated
with the utmost suspicion.
但是有件事很奇怪
But here's the strange thing,
那就是新教的宗教偏执性
it was this Protestant
religious bigotry
最先让英国人严肃思考了
which first got the English
seriously thinking about
保持宽容的可能性
the very possibility of tolerance.
随之而来的一场血腥的宗教冲突
And it all happened in the wake
of a bloody religious conflict...
差点让英格兰分崩离析
..that ripped England apart.
这座建筑见证了16♥4♥2年的风风雨雨
This building still bears witness
to the reasons behind
England's descent
英格兰卷入了一场内战
into civil war in 16♥4♥2.
伦敦萨默赛特宫
对18世纪的公务员来说
如今的萨默赛特宫
The present Somerset House
is essentially a very grand
office block
基本上就是一座宏伟的办公大楼
for 18th century civil servants,
但它的前身是一座真正的王后寝宫
but its predecessor was a real
Royal palace for the wives of kings.
在这个大院子的下面
And below this great courtyard,
一位斯图亚特家族的王后
留下了她的印记
one Stuart Queen in particular
has left her mark.
现在我们把这儿叫做"死亡之屋"
Now this is called the Dead House,
因为它实际上造在了一座墓地的上方
because it's actually built over
the site of a graveyard
有的墓碑还在,嵌在墙里了
and some of the gravestones are
still here, built into the walls.
有些奇怪的地方立即引起了我的注意
What strikes me straight away
is that there is something
very strange about this.
这名女士卒于1633年
可还有某个天主教♥徒♥为她祷告
This lady died in 1633 and yet she
has a Catholic prayer for the dead.
"为她的灵魂向上帝祈祷"
"Pray God for her soul."
在当时的英格兰,表达天主教信仰
Now, it was illegal to
practice your catholic faith
是违法的,可是在这儿
in England at the time
and yet here,
一块天主教墓碑竟然出现在
信仰新教君主的宫殿里
are Catholic gravestones in a palace
owned by a Protestant monarch.
我们要说的是国王查理一世
The King in question was Charles I.
那个女人是他的妻子
亨利埃塔.玛丽亚
And it was his wife,
Henrietta Maria,
是她在这儿建了这些坟墓
who caused these graves to be here.
亨利埃塔.玛丽亚是个
法国天主教♥徒♥,在她的宫廷里
Henrietta Maria was
a French Catholic and at her court,
罗马天主教公然流行
Roman Catholicism
was openly practised.
1630年,她托人在这里
In 1630, she commissioned
a Roman Catholic chapel
造了一座罗马天主教式的葬礼祈祷间
to be built on this spot,
那时只有她这么做是合法的
the only one to have a legal
existence in England at the time.
她的家族都葬在此地
这些就是最后的遗迹
Members of her household were buried
here and these are the last traces.
这种天主教的小小特许权
It was small concessions
to Catholicism like these
最终使查理一世付出了生命的代价
that ultimately cost Charles
his life.
查理一世的大多数臣民
The vast majority
of Charles' subjects
认为他对天主教的纵容非常危险
saw him as dangerously soft
on Catholics.
"火♥药♥阴谋案"证明不能信任罗马天主教♥徒♥
The gunpowder plot showed you
couldn't trust Roman Catholics.
而现在,国王不仅娶了天主教♥徒♥为妻
Now, here was the king,
not just married to one,
而且还允许她公然地表达自己的信仰
but allowing her to practice
her faith in public.
新教♥徒♥们都群情激奋了
All good Protestants snarled.
爱尔兰天主教♥徒♥在本国
对新教♥徒♥实施大屠♥杀♥之后
And when Irish Catholics
massacred Protestants in Ireland,
这些看着福克斯<殉道者名录>
成长起来的新教♥徒♥
these godly men, brought up
on Fox's book of martyrs,
不相信国王能把叛乱镇♥压♥下去
wouldn't trust the King
to put the rebellion down.
因此内战就爆发了
So civil war broke out.
查理打了败仗
Charles was defeated
以危及本国新教的罪名被判处死刑
and put to death for endangering
the Protestantism of this nation.
将军奥利弗.克伦威尔横空出世
Out of the chaos, one general,
Oliver Cromwell,
用铁腕手段统治了这片国土
was left ruling these lands.
这场内战令人匪夷所思
Yet the war led the English
to think the un-thinkable.
它无意间开启了英吉利民族
关于宽容问题争论的先河
It inadvertently opened up the first
national debate about toleration.
我造访了历史学家
亚历山大.沃尔沙姆来探讨原因
I met up with the historian
Alexandra Walsham to talk about why.
亚力克斯,内战是各种
对立的互不宽容的
Alex, it's odd isn't it that this
civil war period
意识形态之间的冲突
这是不是很奇怪?
is the clash of opposing
intolerant ideologies?
然而在一切都消停之后
我们对宽容有了更多的看法
And yet at the end of it all,
we've got much more of an idea
of toleration.
我们该怎么来认识呢?
How do we get to that?
英国卷入内战的结果之一
One of the consequences
of the descent into civil war
就是控制权的崩溃,以往折磨,镇♥压♥
is the breakdown of control,
the collapse of institutions
宗教异♥议♥人♥士♥的制度
that had been responsible
for harassing and repressing
都土崩瓦解了
religious dissenters
in the past.
新闻审查制度
And there's been a total collapse
都全部垮台了
of the mechanisms
of press censorship,
人们进入了权力真空时代
一股激进的宗派洪流显露头角
and into the vacuum of power,
has emerged a flood of radical sects
开始明确表述自己的理念
that have begun to articulate ideas
他们的行为完全震惊了同时代的保守派
and to behave in ways that
completely horrify
their conservative contemporaries.
比如教友派之类的团体
Groups like the Quakers,
他们相信,照亮他们灵魂的
是内在的灵光
who believe that the inner light
that illuminates them
它比<圣经>还有喧嚣派之类的团体还要好
is superior to the Bible
and the groups such as the Ranters,
喧嚣派认为,道义上的清规戒律
不再适用于他们了
whose view is that the moral law
no longer applies to them.
这样一来,激进派忽然之间
就能坦露自己的心声了?
So they can say the un-sayable
suddenly?
这真叫人兴奋,不是吗?
And I guess this is exciting,
isn't it?
绝对如此,从某种意义上说
人们可以毫不含糊地表达新观念了
Absolutely yes, and it's in a sense
that capacity for people
这种内在的动能允许他们
to articulate new ideas that
allows calls for toleration
公开地表达自己的信仰自♥由♥
to be brought into
the public domain.
尽管有很多意见令人反感
With all these
horrifying opinions around,
人们为何还把宽容看做是一项美德呢?
why would tolerance be considered
a virtue?
当然啦,宽容一直被人们视作
Toleration, of course,
had hitherto been regarded
解决社会混乱,无政♥府♥状态的处方
as a recipe for social chaos,
for political anarchy,
但是随着时间的流逝
人们开始认识到
but over time, people come
to realise
老天不会塌下来
that the sky is not going
to fall in
有的人逐渐接受这种观点
and some people are coming round to
the view that toleration
那就是,宽容也许是解决
宗教多元化问题的良方
may be a better solution to
the problem of religious pluralism
它比处心积虑地去迫♥害♥异教♥徒♥要好得多
than the attempt to persecute
religious dissent out of existence.
内战开创了一种新的氛围