BBC：上帝如何造就英国人（2012）

by Pope Paul III,
亨利将他的愤怒
都包含在强烈的讽喻之中了
and it's a real distillation
of his rage into an allegory.
这就是象征
A set of symbols.
画中的暴♥力♥行为非常奇特
The violence in this painting
is extraordinary.
请看,教皇都快死了
There, the Pope is actually dying.
他被人踩在脚下
He's being trampled underfoot.
人们举着石头将他往死里砸
He's being stoned to death,
但我感到最惊讶的是
but I think the most surprising,
这幅画实际上最叫人震惊的地方
in fact, shocking aspect of
the painting is that the stones
就是砸教皇的石头上都刻着标记
with which the Pope is being killed
are labelled.
上面刻着<福音书>作者的名字
They're labelled with the names
of the gospel writers.
马太
There's Matthew,
路加
Luke,
马可
Mark,
还有约翰
and John.
因此,真正的宗教发威了
它要杀死上帝的敌人-教皇
So, the weight of true religion is
killing the enemy of God, the Pope.
亨利八世统治早期
Early in Henry's reign,
教皇表彰他为信仰卫士
the Pope had honoured him
as defender of the faith.
天主教信仰
The Catholic faith.
这幅画表明了他离经叛道的程度
This painting shows how far
he'd strayed from that role.
这是妖魔化天主教的第一步
It was the first step in a process
of demonisation of Catholics,
对英国人迈向宽容之路
which had far reaching consequences
具有极其深远的影响
for the English journey
towards toleration.
亨利八世与罗马决裂了
他的儿子爱德华六世
Henry had broken with the Rome, but
his son Edward opened the doors
对欧洲新式基♥督♥教敞开了大门
to Europe's new form
of Christianity,
即新教
Protestantism.
可是爱德华在16岁时就过早离世
But Edward died prematurely,
at the age of 16,
他同父异母的姐姐玛丽登上了王位
and his half sister, Mary,
seized the throne.
她是一名忠实的天主教♥徒♥
She was still a loyal Catholic.
对爱德华倡导的新教改革非常愤怒
And enraged by Edward's
Protestant Reformation,
她发动了一场来势汹汹的
宗教迫♥害♥运动
she launched a violent
campaign of persecution.
在三年半的时间里
In three and a half years,
她下令处决了300多名新教异端分子
she had over 300 Protestants
executed for heresy.
有人抓住机会记录下了这场暴行
One man grasped the opportunity
to record the atrocities.
这就是福克斯的<殉道者名录>
This is Fox's Book of Martyrs.
它记录下了新教♥徒♥遭受火刑的历史
A record of the burnings
of Protestants.
人们对于天主教的恐惧
Which began to push the fear
of Catholicism out of the palaces
从宫廷里蔓延到了英格兰的各个教区
and into the parishes of England.
本书的作者
The author of this book
叫约翰.福克斯,一位新教教士
was John Fox, a Protestant clergyman
他在玛丽一世女王统治期间逃亡♥国♥外
who had to flee abroad
under Queen Mary.
他在国外流亡期间,就着手收集
While he was in exile, abroad,
he started collecting stories
当时那些遭受火刑的人士的事迹
of the people who work being
burnt at that time.
他写的东西成了畅销书
在一定程度上和此类插图有关
It became a bestseller, partly
because of pictures like these.
我认为这真是骇人听闻
I think this is one of
the most horrific.
三个人里面还有一名孕妇
It's three people,
and one of them is a pregnant woman.
她被绑在火刑柱上
孩子都生出来了
She's tied to the stake
and she is giving birth,
我们从记述里得知
她的孩子也被扔进了火里
we know from the story that her baby
was then thrown back into the fire.
烧死殉道者的记述
The stories of the burning martyrs
激起了新教♥徒♥心中仇恨的怒火
fanned equal flames
of Protestant hatred.
天主教露出了狰狞的面目
无情,暴虐,残酷
Catholicism was shown as pitiless,
tyrannous and cruel.
玛丽死了之后,英格兰又正式
成为了新教国家
When Mary died, England officially
became Protestant once more,
接受伊丽莎白一世的统治
under Elizabeth I.
政♥府♥下命,将福克斯的著作
Across the country,
Fox's book was placed in churches,
和<圣经><公祷书>一起
alongside the Bible
and the book of Common prayer,
放在全国各地的教堂里供人阅览
by government order.
对于天主教的恐惧
Fear of Catholicism
慢慢渗透进了国家意识之中
was beginning to seep into
the national consciousness.
钉死天主教棺盖的人是伊丽莎白
The real nail in the Catholic Coffin
came during Elizabeth's reign.
是教皇的一纸训令将那些天主教♥徒♥
When a papal order transformed them
完完全全地变成了国家的公敌
into full-blown enemies
of the state.
伦敦塔
16世纪的英格兰,这是个令人生畏的地方
In 16th century England,
this was a place of terror.
1570年,教皇革除了伊丽莎白女王的教籍
In 1570, the Pope
excommunicated Queen Elizabeth.
不管英国的天主教♥徒♥对她及她颁布的法令
如何忠诚,教皇都赦免了他们的罪行
Absolving English Catholics from
any loyalty to her and her laws.
这就让普通的天主教♥徒♥
也成了潜在的叛国者
It was a moment which cast ordinary
Catholics as potential traitors.
这里羁押的犯人被控犯有叛国罪
And this was where those
accused of treason were held.
这就是牢房♥
Well, this is a prison cell,
不过这个牢房♥还挺奢华的
but as you can see it's quite
a luxury prison cell.
有壁炉,有窗子
It's got a fireplace,
it's got windows.
一看就知道是关押高级囚犯
That tells you straight away this
was for high status prisoners,
和危险人物的地方
dangerous people.
还有那些图谋行刺女王的犯人
Attempted poisoners of the Queen,
assassins.
仔细看墙上,可以看到天主教的铭文
When you look closely at the walls,
you can see Catholic inscriptions.
是那些被囚禁于此的犯人刻的
Carved by those who
were locked up here.
我想,天主教♥徒♥很可能
自认为这种攻势是理所当然的
Now, I think Catholics may well find
this offensive and rightly so,
但如果叫我说
在伊丽莎白政♥府♥的眼里
but if I say the Elizabethan
government thought of these
那些人就是"基地"组织的同类
他们是恐♥怖♥分♥子♥
people like Al Qaeda,
they are terrorists.
他们是王权最大的潜在威胁
And they are the worst
possible danger to the Crown.
如果羁押在此的天主教♥徒♥脱不开嫌疑
If a Catholic was held here
under suspicion,
他就知道自己要倒霉了
he knew what fate awaited him.
审问,拷打
Interrogation, torture.
他们最终会被吊死,拖出去五马分尸
And, at the end of it all,
hanging, drawing and quartering.
"火♥药♥阴谋案"的暴露充分证明了
English suspicions of Catholic
treachery were amply confirmed
英国人对于天主教谋反行为的怀疑
by conspiracies like
The Gunpowder Plot.
这场转变很有戏剧性
It was a dramatic turnaround,
亨利八世,福克斯的<殉道者名录>
Henry VIII, Fox's Book of Martyrs,
还有伊丽莎白的当政
极大程度上影响着
and the reign of Elizabeth
had a devastating effect
英国人对于天主教的看法
on how the English
viewed Catholicism.
一代人的工夫,天主教从
Within a generation it changed
英格兰人唯一笃信的宗教
from being the only religion
tolerated in England,
变成了魔鬼的宗教
to being the religion of the devil.
接下去的300年里
天主教的势力
For the next 300 years,
Catholics would be excluded
在社会的各个层面遭到排斥