金雀花王朝（2014）（2）

伯克郡 卡弗舍姆庄园
Caversham Manor in Berkshire.
1219年
The year is 1219.
威廉·马歇尔是这片土地上最强大的骑士
William Marshall is the most powerful knight in the land
也是英格兰的摄政王
and Regent of England.
在他床边的11岁男孩
The 11-year-old boy at his bedside
是即将统治英格兰的第四位金雀花国王
is the fourth Plantagenet king to rule England -
亨利三世
Henry III.
金雀花曾是个法兰西王朝
The Plantagenets were a French Dynasty,
统治过英格兰和法兰西大部
who ruled England and much of France
长达50年
for 50 years.
但亨利的父亲 约翰王 丢掉了他们在法兰西的大多领土
But Henry's father, King John, had lost most of their lands in France.
并且当亨利在9岁登上王座时
And when Henry came to the throne at the age of nine,
半壁英格兰已被法兰西占领
half of England was under French occupation.
威廉·马歇尔曾立誓要保卫年幼的国王
William Marshall had sworn to protect the young king.
"即使全世界都背弃了这男孩" 他说
"Even if the whole world abandons the boy," he said,
"我也不会辜负他"
"I will not fail him."
威廉·马歇尔信守了他的承诺
William Marshall kept his word.
他战胜法兰西
He defeated the French,
击退了叛乱的英格兰男爵
fought off the rebellious English barons,
确保了年幼的金雀花国王能牢握王冠
and ensured that the young Plantagenet would hold on to his crown.
但现在 威廉·马歇尔大限将至
But now, William Marshall was dying
金雀花王朝的命运落到了一个孩子的肩上
and the fate of the Plantagenets rested on the shoulders of a child.
许多人预测灾难将至
Many predicted disaster.
但随后的事情却出人意料
Instead, something remarkable happened.
金雀花王朝不仅活了下来 还变得更强大了
The Plantagenet dynasty not only survived, it grew stronger.
在其统治下 随后的150年间
Under their rule, over the next 150 years,
中世纪英格兰登峰造极
medieval England reached its peak.
议会诞生了
Parliament was born
清晰的国家认同感出现了
and a clear sense of national identity emerged.
他们根在法兰西 母语为法语
Their roots were in France, French was their language,
但金雀花家族帮助培养出了
but the Plantagenet family helped foster
一种新的英格兰人的国家归属感
a new sense of English nationhood.
正因为有他们的王朝野心
Out of their dynastic ambitions
才有了英格兰帝国的长成
would grow an English empire.
金雀花王朝
英格兰帝国
金雀花王朝统治下的前50年中
For the first 50 years of Plantagenet rule,
英吉利海峡就如一座桥
the English Channel acted as a bridge,
把国王和男爵们连向他们在法兰西的领地
connecting the king and his barons to the lands they owned in France.
但在亨利三世统治期间
But, by the reign of Henry III,
他们在法兰西的多数祖传领地都丢失了
most of their ancestral homelands in France had been lost.
英格兰的男爵们被迫向海峡的
The English barons were forced to make a commitment
这边或是那头做出承诺
to one side of the Channel or the other.
英法的国王给男爵们出了个艰难的选择题
The kings of England and France presented the barons with a stark choice -
罗伯特·巴特莱特 教授
要么放弃在英格兰的领地并臣服于法王
give up their lands in England and do homage to the King of France
要么放弃在法兰西的领地并宣誓效忠英王
or give up their lands in France and swear allegiance to the King of England.
海峡不再是座桥梁了
The Channel was no longer a bridge,
而是相斗的力量间的屏障
but a barrier between competing powers.
占领法兰西土地一直是金雀花王朝的动力
Possession of French lands always drove the Plantagenet dynasty
但现在 他们将精力转回了他们依然统治着的国家
but, for now, they turned their energies to the country they still ruled
英格兰
- to England.
亨利三世天生就不是个勇士
Henry III was not by nature a warrior.
这位男孩国王长大后成了个虔诚的统治者
The Boy King grew up to be a pious ruler,
致力于朝圣和祷告
devoted to pilgrimage and prayer.
1245年 他开始重建威斯敏斯特大教堂
In 1245, he began rebuilding Westminster Abbey,
他的这项工程将持续终生
a project that would occupy him for the rest of his life.
旧的罗马式大教堂
The old Romanesque Basilica
被换上了个巨大的哥特式结构
was replaced with an immense gothic structure.
这是种明亮和精致的建筑
This was an architecture of light and sophistication.
其风格来自法兰西
The style was French
但它被建起是为了缅怀一位英格兰国王
but it was dedicated to the memory of an English king.
威斯敏斯特大教堂今日的雄伟
The majesty of Westminster Abbey today
乃是出于亨利三世对忏悔者爱德华的敬献
is the result of Henry III's devotion to Edward the Confessor
以及令其荣耀的愿望
and his desire to glorify him.
亨利把威斯敏斯特看作金雀花王国的中心
Henry saw Westminster as the centre of the Plantagenet kingdom,
且在教堂的心脏地带
and in the heart of the abbey itself,
他建了个复杂崭新的龛位给那位神圣的盎格鲁-撒克逊国王
he constructed an elaborate new shrine to the saintly Anglo-Saxon king.
忏悔者爱德华是唯一一位被封圣的英格兰国王
Edward the Confessor is the only English king to have been canonised.
亨利用上帝和英格兰来鞭策自己
Henry was aligning himself with both God and England.
爱德华的金棺放置在波白克大理石上
Edward's golden coffin sat on base of Purbeck marble.
这些壁龛被雕来给朝圣者跪拜祈祷
These niches were carved for pilgrims to kneel in prayer.
但大教堂也担有世俗的用途
But the Abbey also served a worldly purpose.
亨利的虔诚并未浇灭他的王朝野心
Henry's piety hadn't extinguished his dynastic ambition.
他希望威斯敏斯特大教堂
He wanted Westminster Abbey
能媲美法王的那些宏伟的教堂
to rival the great churches of the French Kings.
他愿景中的大教堂是用来举♥行♥加冕
His vision of the Abbey was as the place of coronation
和埋葬未来的所有金雀花国王的地方
and burial for all future Plantagenet kings.
威斯敏斯特大教堂将作为亨利的最高成就
Westminster Abbey would be forever associated with Henry,
与其永远相系
as his crowning achievement.
但金雀花王朝的雄心是有代价的
But Plantagenet ambition came at a price.
它的重建费用是亨利一年皇室收入的两倍多
Its rebuilding cost more than twice Henry's annual royal income.
而他还有其它开销巨大的计划
And he had other expensive plans.
和他的所有前任一样
Like all his predecessors,
亨利下决心要扩张他的金雀花帝国
Henry was determined to expand his Plantagenet empire,
且不计代价
whatever the cost.
亨利不是个骁勇的国王
Henry wasn't a warrior king,
但他可以用英格兰的收入来增加金雀花王朝的领地
but he could use the revenues of England to add to the Plantagenet dominions.
教皇请亨利
The Pope was inviting Henry to
争取买♥♥下西西里王国的统治权
purchase the rights to the Kingdom of Sicily,
他没法拒绝这一增加家族领地的机会
and he couldn't refuse the chance to add to the family's lands.
他以小儿子霍华德的名义接受了
He accepted on behalf of his younger son, Edmund.
唯一的问题是标价
The only snag was the price tag.
我们能知道后来发生了什么
We know what happened next,
是因为一个同代人记录了亨利的统治
because of a contemporary account of Henry's reign.
剑桥的科珀斯克里斯蒂学院存有一份手稿
Kept at Corpus Christi College Cambridge is a manuscript
作者和插画者是圣奥尔本斯的僧侣 马修·帕里斯
written and illustrated by a St Albans monk, Matthew Paris.
这就是所谓的 Chronica Majora[拉丁文] 即《大编年史》
It's called the Chronica Majora, The Great Chronicle.
他记载了亨利同意付给教皇
He tells us Henry agreed to pay the Pope
自己年收入的三倍
three times his annual income,
以确保将西西里纳入金雀花国土的机会
for the chance to secure Sicily as a Plantagenet land.
这是一笔巨款 也是一场大冒险
It was a huge sum of money, and a great risk.
如果亨利拖欠款项
If Henry defaulted on payment,
那他就会面临教会的除籍
he faced excommunication from the Church.
对亨利这样虔诚的人来说
For a pious man like Henry,
开除教籍简直难以想象
excommunication would be unbearable,
但他仍然继续这桩买♥♥卖♥♥
but still he pursued the policy.
甚至自己的兄弟都认为他疯了
Even his own brother thought he'd gone mad.
兄弟把教皇的提议比作是有人说
He compared the Pope's offer to a man saying,
"我把月亮卖♥♥给你 现在你爬上去把它摘下来吧"
"I sell you the moon, now climb up and take it."
这是一个扩张金雀花王朝权势的雄心壮志
It was an ambitious plan to expand Plantagenet power,
但它把王室的利益置于男爵们的对立面
but it placed royal family interests against those of the barons,
结果大大地适得其反
and it backfired badly.
男爵们是拥有土地的英格兰贵族
The barons were the land-owning nobility of England.
他们向国王提供军队 帮他打仗
They provided the King with armies to fight his wars.
他也需要他们的同意来提高税收以资助他的雄心
And he needed their agreement to raise taxes to fund his ambitions.
然而亨利却因追逐西西里而与男爵们疏远了
Yet Henry was alienating his barons by pursuing Sicily.
他们对国王萌生了另一种积怨
And they held another grievance against the King.
亨利在王室法庭里大量任用来自萨瓦和普瓦多
Henry had filled his court with foreign-born relatives
的外国亲戚
from Savoy and Poitou.
男爵们极为憎恨这些人
The barons bitterly resented them.
法语仍是宫廷所用的语言
French remained the language of court,
但越来越多人怀疑一切都变成外国的了
but there was a growing suspicion of all things foreign.
金雀花王朝的雄心仍然是面向国际的
Plantagenet dynastic ambitions were still international,
但他们逐渐遇上了一种新力量 民族情感
but they increasingly came up against a new force - national feeling.
你在马修·帕里斯的作品中就能看到这点
You can see it in the works of Matthew Paris.
他在这里画了一支法兰西的入侵船队
Here he shows a French invasion fleet
英格兰军队将其击退
being defeated by English forces.
同时主教帮那些战斗着的人祈福着 它写道
While the bishops bless those who are fighting, as it says,
"为了英格兰的解放"
"for the liberation of England".
在这里他称赞了一个爱国男爵
And here he praises a patriotic baron,
那人奋力维持了 英格兰人的英格兰[拉丁文]