新星：回到月球（2011）

and permanent life on the moon.
实现了月球上的持续生存
Inspired by a time when humans last lived on the moon
受到人类曾经登陆月球的激励
and we dreamed of moving humanity into space,
我们梦想着把人类送入深空，
Amazon founder Jeff Bezos,
亚马逊创始人杰夫·贝佐斯，
is also building his own road to the moon
也在打造自己的登月之路
through a company he founded called Blue Origin.
他创立了一家名为Blue Origin的公♥司♥
Let me show you something.
让我给你看点东西
And they already have a plan
他们已经有计划了
to put a large lander down on the lunar surface.
把一个着陆器放在月球表面
This is Blue Moon.
这是蓝月亮
We've been working on this lander for three years.
我们已经对这个着陆器进行了三年的开♥发♥
It's time to go back to the moon,this time to stay.
是时候回月球了，这次留下来
I feel that there's enough energy,
我觉得有足够的动力，
and more importantly money,going towards this
更重要的是钱，朝着这个方向走
that we will see real exploration in the years ahead.
我们将在未来几年看到真正的探索
The vision of all these plans is ultimately to set up
所有这些计划的最终目标是
lunar bases,where explorers,including the first women
月球基地，探险家，包括第一批女性
to reach the moon,can live and work for extended periods.
到达月球，可以长♥期♥生活和工作
There will,of course,be many challenges,
当然，会有很多挑战，
as one man who's already lived there can tell you.
就像一个曾经去过那里的人可以告诉你的那样
The living conditions on the moon will be very similar
月球上的生活条件将非常类似于
to living conditions that I experienced.
我所经历的生活条件
They're going to need the consumables
他们需要消耗品
that are necessary to survive--oxygen,water--
生存所必需的——氧气、水--
all of which can be supplied by the moon.
所有这些都可以由月球提供
So I think the resource issue is not a major one.
所以我认为资源问题不是主要问题
They're going to need an aggregate of individual habitats
他们需要一个独♥立♥栖息地的集♥合♥
from various launches here from Earth initially.
最初是从地球上发射
Before very long,
不久之后，
I think we'll be manufacturing habitats on the moon;
我想我们会在月球上制♥造♥栖息地；
cnverting lunar dust to actual materials and components.
将月球尘埃转化为实际的材料和部件
In anticipation,
在期待之中，
a team of engineers at NASA's Kennedy Space Center
美国宇航局肯尼迪航♥天♥中心的一队工程师
is already building experimental robots for such assignments.
已经在为这样的任务制♥造♥实验机器人
The group is known as Swamp Works.
这个团队被称为Swamp Works
Rob Mueller is NASA's senior technologist there.
罗伯·穆勒是美国宇航局的高级技术人员
NASA's Swamp Works is an innovation environment.
NASA的Swamp Works是一个创新环境
It's a collection of labs where we develop new technologies
这是我们开♥发♥新技术的实验室的集♥合♥
in order to have revolutionary advances in space.
为了在太空中有革命性的进展
Construction on the moon requires
满足月球上的建筑需要
a radically different approach from doing it on Earth.
与在地球上完全不同的方法
On Earth,when you want to dig,you get a big,yellow machine
在地球上，当你想挖的时候，你使用一台黄色的大机器
that weight a lot and you push
很重的机器，你推出去
and you have enough reaction force to dig
你有足够的反作用力
because of the gravity on Earth.
因为地球上的重力
The problem is,when it arrives on the moon,
问题是，当它到达月球时，
its actual weight is one-sixth of that.
它的实际重量是它的六分之一
The gravity on the moon is one-sixth of the gravity on Earth.
月球上的引力是地球引力的六分之一
So,because it doesn't weigh very much,
所以，因为它不够重，
there's no reaction force,
没有反作用力，
it can't penetrate the soil,it can't pick it up.
它不能进入土壤，也不能把它挖起来
Unfortunately,we cannot launch a giant bulldozer into space
不幸的是，我们不能把一个巨大的推土机送入太空
on a rocket,it's too expensive.
用火箭发射，太贵了
So,we had to reinvent excavation,reinvent digging.
所以，我们必须改造挖掘，重造挖掘
We scratched our heads and-and thought about it,
我们挠头想了想，
and we came up with a new design,
我们想出了一个新的设计，
which has counter rotating bucket drums.
有反向旋转的桶鼓
The forces cancel each other out
力量互相抵消
and now you can dig with a very small robot.
现在你可以用一个很小的机器人挖掘
Their new moon rock digger--
他们的新挖掘机--
called RASSOR--is put through its paces
被称为RASSOR——付诸实践
in Swamp Works' lunar surface simulator.
在Swamp Works的月球表面模拟器
It turns out that the lower gravity on the moon
月球上较低的重力
is not the only challenge.
并不是唯一的挑战
As the apollo astronauts discovered,
阿波罗号♥宇航员发现，
moon dust itself poses a serious problem.
月尘本身就构成了一个严重的问题
The particles are jagged.
粒子是参差而尖利的
In fact,in the Apollo missions,
事实上，在阿波罗任务中，
when they put the gloves on the suit,there was a joint,
当他们把手套装在衣服上的时候，有一个接头，
and that glove lasted three days.
手套只坚持了三天
So,we have to find ways to cope with this
所以，我们得想办法解决这个问题
sharp,jagged dust that sticks to everything.
尖锐的，锯齿状的灰尘粘在任何东西上
To keep machines functioning in this harsh environment,
为了让机器在这种恶劣的环境下工作，
Rob and his team are developing a novel way
罗伯和他的团队正在开♥发♥一种新的方法
to fix broken equipment.
修理损坏的设备
If RASSOR is operating and it breaks a wheel,what do you do?
如果RASSOR在操作中，它的轮子坏了，你怎么办？
Our answer to the logistics problem is don't bring it,
我们对后勤难题的答案是不要带上它，
make it there.
在月球制♥造♥
What we've done is we've taken the local crushed rock,
我们所做的就是把当地的碎石，
and that gives you a way of 3D printing a structure.
使用一种3D打印结构的方法
3D printing a spare wheel on the moon.
3D打印月球上的备胎
It's a very crude wheel,but it's a start.
这是一个非常粗糙的轮子，但它是一个开始
Constructing replacement equipment with local resources
利用当地资源建造替代设备
may prove essential
可以证明是必要的
if a moon settlement is to be self-sufficient.
如果月球定居点想做到自给自足
And while Swamp Works' digger still needs to prove itself
虽然Swamp Works的挖掘机还需要证明自己
on the moon,one day machines like it
在月球上，有一天这样的机器
could be working alongside humans to construct a lunar base.
可能会与人类一起建造月球基地
But there may be a simpler way to live on the moon--
但是在月球上生活可能有更简单的方法--
that is,if we're willing to live in the moon.
也就是说，如果我们愿意住在月球里
One of the most fascinating discoveries in recent years
近年来最迷人的发现之一
are these sinkholes,
这些是天坑，
giving us a view down into a lava tube.
给我们一个进入熔岩管的视野
Lava tubes form when volcanic eruptions
火山爆发时会形成熔岩管
continue for long enough that the top layer of lava
熔岩持续足够长的时间，顶部
cools and solidifies--allowing more molten lava
冷却并凝固——允许更多熔岩
to continue flowing beneath it.
在它下面继续流动
Much of the moon's surface
月球的大部分表面
is covered by lava flows,and in some cases
被熔岩流覆盖，在某些情况下
you can actually see evidence of where they may have flowed
你可以看到他们可能流过的证据
inside lava tubes.
经过熔岩管
People are really interested in these
人们对这些很感兴趣
because future human explorers
因为未来的人类探险家
could have that be a location for future human habitation
可能把这作为人类居住的地方
on the moon.
在月球上
Could these natural cave systems in the moon really offer shelter
月球上的这些天然洞穴系统真的能提供庇护所吗？
to future astronaut explorers?
给未来的宇航员探险家？
We're yet to discover what's inside them,
我们还不知道里面有什么，
but exploring similar tubes here on Earth might offer clues.
但在地球上探索类似的洞穴可能会提供线索
Tommaso Santagata is mapping lava tubes on Mt. Etna,
Tommaso Santagata正在绘制埃特纳火山熔岩管的地图，
one of the most active volcanoes on Earth.
地球上最活跃的火山之一
我使用3D测绘仪器
为了分♥析♥这些洞穴的形状，
为了将这些数据与月球上的洞穴进行比较
激光雷达使用激光
大约测量三百万个点
这激光在360度内旋转
它可以创建任何环境的3D地图
By correlating sink hole geometry
通过相关洞穴的几何结构
to the size and shape of the caves
洞穴的大小和形状
they open into here on Earth,
在地球上的这些洞，
scientists hope to be able to determine
科学家希望能够确定
which sink holes on the moon could be the best candidates
在月球上哪个天坑可能是最好的选择
for future lunar exploration.
将来进行月球探测
通过研究这个洞穴，我们可以估计出
下面的熔岩管情况
我们可以逐点绘制熔岩管的地图
我们知道在月球上
可能有超过100米长的洞穴
With the potential for hundreds of miles of tunnels
有可能存在数百英里的隧♥道♥
just below the moon's surface offering natural protection
就在月表下面来提供天然的保护
from the harsh lunar environment,
在恶劣的月球环境下，
subterranean shelters might one day
地下栖息地也许有一天
become our first homes on another world.
成为我们在另一个世界的第一个家
这里的阴影非常黑暗
我很难看清我站立的地方
Fifty years ago,Neil Armstrong's first step
50年前，尼尔·阿姆斯特朗的第一步