BBC地平线：宇宙火山（2017）

火山参与塑造了地球的地貌
The landscapes of Earth have been shaped by volcanoes.
我们一向敬畏火山毁灭性的美丽
We've long been in awe of their destructive beauty.
但直到最近我们才发现
But only recently have we discovered
火山作用不仅存在于地球上
that volcanism exists beyond Earth.
太阳系的行星和卫星
The planets and moons of the solar system
拥有甚至比地球上更为惊人的火山
have volcanoes that are even more extraordinary than those on our home planet.
熔岩之河曾在月球上流淌
Rivers of lava once raced across our moon.
这个想法很不可思议
It's an amazing thought
你可以站在地球上
that you could have been standing on Earth
抬头看着月球
and looked up at the moon,
看着这场巨大的火山爆发
and seen these massive eruptions happening.
太阳系中最大的火山在火星上
The largest volcano of the solar system,
高度为珠穆朗玛峰的三倍
three times the height of Everest, is on Mars.
活动最激烈的火山在木星的一颗卫星上
The most violent volcano is on a moon of Jupiter.
太空深处一颗绕土星运转的卫星上
Huge, icy geysers fountain out
有着巨大的冰间歇泉
into space from a moon orbiting Saturn.
不管怎么说 我们都还没有研究清楚
We have not closed the book on volcanism
整个太阳系的火山作用
across the solar system by any means.
但最激动人心的是
But what's most remarkable is
太阳系中其他星球上的火山作用
what volcanic activity elsewhere in the solar system
告诉了科学家一些我们的星球
has told scientists about our own planet,
地球的信息
Earth.
地球刚形成时的样子
What the Earth was like at its birth,
地球地貌和大气形成的原因
why we have the geology and the atmosphere we do.
甚至还能了解地球生命
And even how life on Earth,
以及其他生命的起源
and possibly elsewhere, originated.
地平线 宇宙火山
公元9世纪
Way back in the ninth century AD,
一个维京部落发现了冰岛
a band of Vikings discovered Iceland.
他们第一次经历了火山爆发
They experienced volcanic eruptions for the first time.
为了解释火山的破坏性
To explain their devastation,
他们将其比喻为众神之怒
they evoked the terrible wrath of gods
比如史尔特尔 炎之巨人
such as Surtr, the fire giant.
一首维京诗人这样写道
A Viking poet wrote,
"起初 是漫天遍地的酷寒
"In the beginning, all was cold and grim.
克尔特尔伴着巨响而来
Then came Surtr with a crashing noise.
耀眼而灼热 他佩着一把燃烧的巨剑"
Bright and burning, he bore a flaming sword."
冰岛航♥空♥
一千年之后
A millennium later,
一组来自各国的科学家
and a team of international scientists
也来到了这个冰与火之岛
has also travelled to the land of fire and ice.
这个小小的国家有多种火山
This small country has more types of volcanoes
以及随之而来多样的地理奇观
and geological wonders packed into it
其丰富程度在全世界首屈一指
than anywhere else in the world.
科学小组可以借此机会将地球上的火山作用
For the team, it allows them to compare the volcanism of Earth
与太阳系中已知的火山进行比较
with volcanoes found elsewhere in the solar system.
这里冰川和火山不断循环
You've got these continual cycles of glaciers and volcanoes.
真是太惊人了
Absolutely brilliant.
是的 这里的火山特征非常多样化
Yeah, you have a really diverse range of volcanic features here,
我觉得这是个认识火山作用重要性的好地方
and I think it's a good place to see the importance of volcanism.
地理学家吉姆·海德
For geologist Jim Head,
对冰岛的地貌非常熟悉
Iceland is a familiar landscape.
六十年代
In the 1960s,
他曾给即将前往月球的阿波罗号♥宇航员
he was teaching the Apollo astronauts all about rocks
教授关于岩石知识
before they headed off to the moon.
我们去了所有
We took them everywhere we could
詹姆斯·海德博士
布朗大学
能让他们学到地质学知识的地方
that would give them geological information.
冰岛当然也是其中之一
Iceland was clearly one of those.
我觉得能来冰岛
And I think it's completely perfect, actually,
研究火山 是非常适合的
that we are here today in Iceland, studying the volcanoes
这里推动了宇航员的登月事业
that actually propelled the astronauts to go to the moon.
五 四 三 二 一
Five, four, three, two, one.
阿波罗登月计划不仅仅是为了太空竞赛
The Apollo missions weren't just about the space race.
这也是史上最雄心勃勃的地质实地考察
They were also the most ambitious geological field trips of all time.
登月计划主要的任务之一就是搞清楚
A key aim was to discover
火山是否在月球形成中起了作用
if volcanoes had helped create the moon.
如果是的 月球上还有活火山吗
And, if so, were any still active?
在阿波罗登月计划之前
Before the Apollo programme,
我们并不清楚月球上是否有火山作用
we didn't even know whether the moon had volcanism.
举个例子 一些人认为月球是冰冷的
For example, some people thought it was a cold moon,
一些人认为月球上是温暖的
some people thought it was a warm moon,
月球内部有火山作用 并在加热
which had heating inside and volcanism.
所以这是一个大问题 月球上有火山岩吗
So this is a big question - was it even volcanic rock?
600米 600米
2,000 feet, 2,000 feet.
-8摄氏度 -收到
- 47 degrees. - Roger.
这些月面上看似阴暗的平原
These dark-looking plains of the moon
深深地吸引着科学家
were particularly tantalising to scientists.
它们被称为海洋 或月海
They're called the seas, or the maria.
景色真美 那是什么
Beautiful view! Isn't that something?
壮丽的荒土
Magnificent desolation.
为了搞清楚这些究竟是什么
To find out exactly what they were,
阿波罗首次登陆在月球上的宁静之海
the first Apollo landing was to Mare Tranquillitatis,
静海
the Sea of Tranquillity.
好 我可以出去了吗
OK, ready for me to come out?
一切就绪
All set.
当宇航员探索着布满灰尘和石头的月球表面时
As the astronauts explored the dusty and rocky surface,
他们认出了玄武岩
they recognised basalt
地球上最常见的火山岩
the most common volcanic rock found on Earth.
而且还有很多
And lots of it.
当月球上喷射出融化的岩石
When you erupt molten rock on a moon,
也就是液态岩石时
liquid rock on the moon,
月球上的引力只有地球上的六分之一
it actually is one sixth gravity,
比地球上的小得多
so it's much less gravity than we see on the Earth.
看上去这里有
It looks like a collection of just about
所有你见过的岩石
every variety of rock you could find.
如果岩浆来自深处
If the lava is coming up from great depths,
考虑到重力等因素
given the gravity, etc,
就会有大量岩浆喷射出来
you'll get a lot of lava coming up,
一般比我们在地球上见到的更多
commonly much more than you see on the Earth,
岩浆抵达的距离更远
and so it flows great distances,
所以岩浆能流到1000千米以外的地方
and so we have lava flows that go over 1000 kilometres,
完全能穿越美国一半的国土 令人难以置信
like, incredible, it would go halfway across the United States, no problem.
另一个在月球上发现的神秘特征是
Another mysterious feature found on the moon
这些蜿蜒的峡谷 或者说弯曲的沟纹
was these winding canyons, or sinuous rilles.
这些沟渠深达400米
These channels were up to 400 metres deep
长100千米以上
and over 100km long.
其形成的线索能在地球上找到
Clues as to what created them can be found back on Earth.
冰岛西南部的地下坚硬岩石中
Under the south-west of Iceland
有着奇特的隧♥道♥
are curious tunnels through solid rock.
看起来似乎是人为建造
They appear almost man-made.
格罗·佩德森正在探索其中一条
Gro Pedersen is exploring one.
她希望从深邃的隧♥道♥中
In the depths of the tunnel,
发现曾流经此处的物质的证据
she hopes to find evidence of what used to flow through it.
你能看出
You can actually see how
岩浆是如何流经这面石壁
the lava has been running along the wall here,
还能知道当时岩浆的温度很高
and you can see also that it was very hot in here,
因为这里部分火山岩又再次熔化了
because some of this lava re-melted,
缓慢地流下石壁 从这里能看出来
and basically was dribbling down the wall. You see that here.
这是一条岩浆管道 很久之前
It's a lava tube and, long ago,
岩浆从这些隧♥道♥中涌过
lava was surging through these tunnels.
人们在月球上发现弯曲的沟纹
One of the very exciting things people found on the moon
格罗·佩德森博士 冰岛大学
令人兴奋
was these sinuous rilles and,
当然 在人们到达月球之前
of course, before people actually had been on the moon,
这些沟纹被认为可能是水蚀形成
they were thought to potentially be water eroded.
不过人们后来登上月球
But then people have gone to the moon,
进行了更多研究 我们发现
and it has been studied much more and we've found out that these
这些弯曲的沟纹总是与月海有关
sinuous rilles were always connected with the maria,
与月球岩浆有关
the moon lava that we have up there.
也许这些弯曲的沟纹曾是封闭的熔岩管
Perhaps these sinuous rilles were once enclosed lava tubes.
所以你在这里清楚看到的