BBC地平线.七千万动物木乃伊.古埃及的暗黑秘密（2015）

1871年 埃及 底比斯山
1871年 埃及三兄弟
In 1871, three Egyptian brothers,
穆♥罕♥默♥德♥ 艾哈迈德和侯赛因·埃尔拉苏尔
Mohammed, Ahmed and Hussein El Rasul
爬上西部沙漠的一面峭壁时
were scrambling up a steep cliff path in the Western Desert
他们发现了一个
when they came across a secret
已经隐藏了三千年的秘密
that had remained hidden for 3,000 years.
一些岩石移位后暴露出底部的
Several boulders had shifted to reveal a narrow cleft
一条狭窄裂隙
in the base of the rocks.
裂隙深处 他们发现了一条十二米深的通道
Clambering inside, they discovered a shaft 12 metres deep.
通道底部 是一条人工走廊
But at the bottom, a tiny man-made passageway.
三兄弟继续向暗处爬去
The brothers crawled into the blackness
发现了让他们永生难忘的秘密
and uncovered something they would never forget.
那里有成堆的木乃伊干尸
Dozens of mummified bodies.
其中一位被确认是女祭司
One of them was discovered to be a high priestess
也是法老之女
and daughter of a pharaoh.
名字叫哈特谢普苏特
Her name was Maatkare.
但哈特谢普苏特并不是被孤身埋葬
But Maatkare was not buried alone.
在她脚边放着一个婴孩大小的包裹
At her feet was an infant-sized bundle.
在过去的一百多年里
For over 100 years,
人们一直以为哈特谢普苏特是因难产而死
it was presumed Maatkare had died in childbirth,
死婴随她一同埋葬
her baby buried with her.
但现代医学技术发现包裹中的东西
But modern medical techniques revealed the bundle to be
并非是人们以为的那样
something very different.
我们一直以为那是个死婴
We had always thought it was a child
但是X光显示
but the X-ray showed that
实际上里面是一只绿猴子 一只长尾猴
in fact it contains a green monkey, a vervet.
根本不是她的孩子
And not her baby at all.
这只猴子和哈特谢普苏特一同被发现
This monkey was found with Maatkare,
就在她的身体旁边
sort of cradled against her body,
所以我想它一定是她心爱的宠物
so I think it must have been a beloved pet.
三兄弟的发现开启了几个世纪以来
The brothers' discovery was yet another episode
对埃及木乃伊研究兴趣的新篇章
in centuries of interest in Egyptian mummies.
包括人类木乃伊以及动物木乃伊
Both human and animal.
十九世纪的收藏家们移走了上千个木乃伊
19th-century collectors removed thousands of them
其中大多数都被世界各地的博物馆收藏
and many have ended up in museums across the world.
如今 专家们应用二十一世纪的科技
Now, experts are applying 21st-century science and technology
对这些动物木乃伊一窥究竟
to look inside these animal mummies.
揭示古代埃及关于宗教和信仰
Revealing fascinating new details about religion and belief
令人着迷的新细节
in ancient Egypt.
这些木乃伊让我们有机会深入了解
These mummies give an insight into understanding
当时人类与动物之间的关系
the relationship between human beings and animals.
动物是神奇的生命
Animals were magical creatures
事实上它们可以与诸神对话
who could in fact speak to the gods.
新技术帮助♥考♥古学家们
And new techniques are helping archaeologists to expose
揭开这一古老仪式核心中最令人震惊的真♥相♥
the shocking reality at the heart of this ancient ritual.
七千万动物木乃伊 古埃及的暗黑秘密
深夜
In the dead of night,
曼彻斯特皇家儿童医院
at the Royal Manchester Children's Hospital,
医学专家们正在工作
medical experts are at work.
研究对象并不是活体 而是古老的干尸
Not on the living, but on the ancient dead.
在此工作的放射线技师和埃及学者
Radiographers and Egyptologists working here
莉迪嘉·麦克奈特教授
曼彻斯特大学
朱迪思·亚当斯教授
曼彻斯特大学中心医院
正在收集上百个动物木乃伊的信息
are collecting information on hundreds of animal mummies.
坎贝尔·普莱斯博士
曼彻斯特博物馆
这是关于此类木乃伊最大型的一次研究
The biggest survey of its kind in history.
在病人们不做检查的时间段里
The team are using the latest medical imaging technology
研究团队正使用最新医学影像技术
when it is not needed for human patients
在不伤害木乃伊的前提下观察其内部
so they can see inside the mummies without damaging them.
首先放上X光诊断台的是一个小包裹
First on the X-ray table is a small bundle
平日里在曼彻斯特博物馆展出
that is usually on display at Manchester Museum.
制♥作♥于公元前66♥4♥到332年间的埃及南部
It was made in southern Egypt between 66♥4♥ and 332 BC.
接着 CT扫描仪从各个角度对木乃伊
Next, a CT scanner takes hundreds of X-ray images, or slices,
进行X光照射成像 或切片成像
from 360 degrees around the mummy.
这些图像将被组合成一个3D模型
These images are combined to create a three-dimensional model.
包裹材料的成像清晰度挺好的
It brings up nice definition of the wrappings, doesn't it?
-CT扫描仪 -没错
- The CT. - Yeah.
在你们眼前的就是
And before your very eyes...
看 一个小型啮齿动物
There we are. A little rodent.
它的门牙很锋利
Who's got very, very prominent incisors.
而且门牙到臼齿之间有些距离
And then he has got a space until you reach the molars.
-不会是尖鼠吧 -有可能
- It couldn't be a shrew, could he? - Possibly.
这个包裹制♥作♥于约两千五百年前的古埃及沙漠
To be able to look at the inside of something that was wrapped
能看到包裹里面的东西
possibly 2,500 years ago in the deserts of ancient Egypt,
实在太令人震惊了
is absolutely astounding.
莉迪嘉·麦克奈特教授
曼彻斯特大学
我们在医院里得到的扫描结果
It never, ever fails to amaze me, what we find
没有一次不让我吃惊的
when we have scanning sessions at the hospital.
总是有一些出乎意料的惊喜
There is always something that is a little bit surprising.
每个木乃伊都不尽相同
And that is what makes every mummy different.
长久以来 动物木乃伊化的奇异技术
Egyptologists have long been fascinated by the bizarre practice
深深吸引着埃及学家们
of animal mummification.
《纪事 塞加拉地下墓穴》 BBC2 1970年
十九到二十世纪间
During the 19th and 20th centuries,
上百个像这样的木乃伊被拆开
hundreds of such mummies were unwrapped,
二十世纪七十年代
including at least two
BBC的纪录片中至少拆开了两个
for a 1970s BBC documentary.
裹布中有数种生物 包括猫
The wrappings contained dozens of creatures, including cats,
鳄鱼 老鹰和苍鹭
crocodiles, hawks and wading birds,
蛇 尖鼠 甚至还有鱼
snakes, shrews and even fish.
但这样拆开 会完全破坏了木乃伊
But unwrapping the mummies in this way completely destroyed them
其中包含的大量信息也随之丢失
and much of the information they contained was lost.
每个木乃伊都是独一无二的
Every mummy is unique.
只有扫描过后
And it is impossible to know
才能知道里面是什么
what's in it until it has been scanned.
这个啮齿动物木乃伊分成了两个部分制♥作♥
This mummified rodent has been made in two parts.
这里是木乃伊的主体包裹
So we have got the main mummy bundle here and then on its back
然后在它背上的是第二个包裹
we have got the secondary package
像是被装在顶部
which is sort of fixed to the top.
滚动画面 看看会不会有
So if we scroll through, we should see if there is anything...
-有什么东西在里面 -不
- Is there anything in it? - No, it just goes...
这只是一团亚麻布
It could be constructed just of linen.
为什么他们要把空的亚麻布团
But why would you put an empty linen bundle
放在一只小尖鼠木乃伊上
onto a mummy of a tiny shrew?
我们还以为里面一定会有东西
Because we did think that would contain something.
一般里面可能是谷物
Basically looking for anything that could be grain,
一直以来都是这样认为的
which is what it is always been presumed
小包裹里面装的
that the little package contained,
是为啮齿动物来生提供的食物
a food offering for the rodent in the afterlife.
但是我们确实在扫描中看不到任何东西
But we certainly can't see anything on this scan.
不论是不是谷物 小包裹都是为了帮助
With or without grain, the backpack was there
小动物走到来世的
to help this little animal's journey into the afterlife.
古埃及人相信 动物和人一样
The ancient Egyptians believed that animals, like humans,
灵魂会在死亡中幸存
had a soul that survived death.
乔安·弗莱彻教授
Professor Joann Fletcher
是埃及信仰方面的专家
is an expert on ancient Egyptian beliefs.
很明显 对于古埃及人来说
It is quite clear that for the ancient Egyptians,
乔安·弗莱彻教授
约克大学
死亡只是种转生
death was simply a transition into another world
从地球转生到了另一个世界
that replicated life on Earth.
比如 在一些棺材的底部
For instance, the bases of some coffins
有转生之路的地图
have maps of the afterlife,
这样已故之人就知道该往哪里走
so the deceased would know just where to go
能找到通往下一个世界的路
to find their way through into the next world.
不论是人类还是动物
Whether human or animal,
古埃及人都相信木乃伊化的尸体
by mummifying a body, the ancient Egyptians believed
给灵魂在通往来世的旅程中
they were providing the soul with a physical vessel
提供了实际的载体
for its journey to the afterlife.
木乃伊化对动物们来说十分重要
Mummification is very important for animals,
莎莉玛·依克拉姆教授
开罗美国大学
和人类一样 因为木乃伊化是确保
just as it is for humans, because that is the act
它们能够转生到下一世