BBC：古代圣贤（2015）（3）

这反映了经济和技术变化的规模
The scale of change, economic and technological, is reflected
在考古遗迹中，比如这座纪念性的粮仓
in archaeological remains, like this monumental grain store.
[迷人的器乐演奏]
[captivating instrumental music playing]
铁器时代以来的技术进步
Advances in technology from the Iron Age onwards
导致了农业产量的增加
led to an increase in agricultural yields
被储存在像这样巨大的坑里
that were stored in massive pits like this.
突然，对于普通人来说，因为他们有足够的食物，
Suddenly for ordinary people, because they had enough food,
生活并不是一种徒劳的生活
life just wasn't a grinding cycle of a kind of hand-to-mouth existence.
显然，像这样的商店提供粮食，
Obviously, stores like this provided grain,
但他们也送了另一份很棒的礼物，是时候思考了
but they also gave another great gift... time to think.
孔子大约二十岁的时候，
When Confucius was about twenty,
我们听说他找到了一份官方的工作，管理像这样的粮店
we're told he landed a bureaucratic job,
managing grain stores like this.
但他的头脑被这一天的混乱所占据
But his mind was occupied by the turmoil of the day.
在孔子看来，环顾四周，人类显然需要帮助
Looking around him, it seemed obvious to Confucius that humanity needed help.
他的回应被认为是中国历史上的第一次
And how he responded is considered a first in Chinese history.
他开始进行系统的哲学研究
He began to engage in systematic, philosophical inquiry.
我喜欢孔子的一点是，他有一种天生的好奇心，
One thing I like about Confucius is the sense that you get that he had a kind of natural curiosity,
他觉得有必要去探索，去了解这个世界
that he felt compelled to explore, and to try to understand the world.
在他20出头的时候，
And in his early twenties,
他决定离开家乡鲁国，踏上征途
he decided to leave his home state of Lu, and get on the road.
向西旅行，他最终遇到大黄河
Traveling west, he would have eventually met the great Yellow River.
我想我们必须想象他生命中的这个时刻
I think we have to imagine him at this point in his life
作为一种民族志学家
as a kind of ethnographer.
从一个地方到另一个地方，睁大眼睛，敞开心扉，
Going from one place to another with open eyes and an open mind,
收集经验和际遇
gathering together experiences and encounters.
《论语》描述了孔子见到一些人
The Analects describe Confucius meeting people
这些人抛弃了文明社会，隐居在大自然之中
who had renounced civilized society,and lived amongst nature.
这些隐士是道教的先驱，
These recluses were the forerunners of Daoism,
中国古代另一个伟大的信仰体系
that other great belief systemof ancient China.
他们相信所谓的道
They believed in something known as the Way.
你能给我解释一下具体的道 吗？
Could you explain to me what exactly the Way is?
世界上的一切都来自 道
Everything in the world comes from the Way.
它是宇宙的起源
It is the origin of the universe.
万物背后的力量
The force behind all things
以及所有道家都遵循的最高律法
and the supreme law that all Taoists follow.
人类有可能影响或控制道吗？
Is it possible for humans to influence or control the Way?
人不能影响道
Man should not affect the Way.
人只应遵循、遵从和遵守 道
Man should only follow, comply with and abide by the Way.
非常感谢
Thank you.
道教认为发达的社会使我们偏离了道
The Daoists believed that developed society diverted us from the Way.
社会是人为的，
Society was artificial,
人们强加给宇宙自然自发方式的东西
something people imposed on the natural, spontaneous way of the Universe.
只有通过与大自然的力量重新连接
Only by reconnecting with the forces of nature
我们能再次实现和谐吗
could we achieve harmony once again.
孔子对道教信仰的反应是一种沮丧的愤慨
Confucius reacted to Daoist belief with a kind of frustrated indignation.
我们不能去和禽兽一起生活
"We can't go and live with the birds and the beasts.
我不是人吗？
Am I not a man among men?
如果这种方式在世界上盛行，
If the Way prevailed in the world,
我没有必要改变它
there would be no need for me to change it."
孔子寻求解决他那个时代问题的方法
Confucius' search for solutions to the problems of his day
具有更实际、更政♥治♥的层面
took on a more practical, political dimension.
对他来说，这条路不是一种无形的宇宙力量
For him, the Way wasn't an intangible cosmic force.
相反，他认为这是和谐
Instead he saw it as the harmony
这可以由一个完美有序的社会带来，
that could be brought about by a perfectly ordered society,
通过人类行为可以实现的东西
something attainable by human action.
这是道家认为傲慢的高度
It was a claim the Daoists thought the height of arrogance.
这场关键性的争论体现在一次传奇性的邂逅中
This critical dispute is embodied in one legendary encounter.
据说孔子来到了洛阳城
Confucius is said to have come here,the city of Luoyang.
当他在国家档案馆学习时，
As he was studying in the state archives,
他遇到一位年长的男子，他们开始了一场哲学讨论
he met an older man and they struck up a philosophical discussion.
孔子起身准备离开时，老人惩罚了他
As Confucius got up to leave, the old man chastised him.
“放下你的傲气和欲念，
"Put away your proud air and many desires,
以及你的狂妄不羁
your insinuating habit and wild will.
这些对你没有好处”
These are of no advantage to you."
这位神秘的老人正是老子，
The enigmatic old man was none other than Laozi,
被认为是道教的创始人
credited as the founder of Daoism.
不管是真是假，这对搭档，这么好的人物，
Whether it's true or not, this pairing, with such a great figure,
揭示了孔子后来将达到的标志性地位
reveals the iconic status Confucius would later reach.
它告诉我们一些其他的事情
And it tells us something else.
档案中的设置为我们提供了孔子方法的线索
That setting in the archive gives us a clue to Confucius' methods.
对他来说，当代问题的解决方案
For him, solutions to contemporary problems
仔细研究过去发生的事情
lay in a close study of what had gone before.
过去是真理的宝库
The past was a kind of reservoir of truth.
从他还是个孩子的时候起，他就接受了古籍的教育
Ever since he was a boy, he had been schooled in ancient texts.
现在，作为一个男人，它们成为了他哲学的灵感和基础
Now, as a man, they became the inspiration for,
and the very foundation of, his philosophy.
最近的发现为这些中国历史经典文本提供了新的线索
Recent discoveries have shed new light on these classic texts of Chinese history.
八百简
Eight-hundred bamboo slips which contain
孔子话语的最早证据
the earliest evidence of Confucius's words.
它们是1993年在一位贵族老人的墓中发现的
[Shirley] They were found in 1993 in the tomb of an old noble man.
-太棒了。它们可以追溯到什么时候？-是 啊
-Amazing. And they date back to when? -Yeah.
这些都是公元前四世纪的，
Oh, these were dated to the fourth century BCE, uh,
大约在孔子之后一百年，嗯
roughly one hundred years after Confucius, and um...
上面写着“把你的心思放在道上”
It says something like, "Set your mind on the Way.
要有道德。一切都要符合人性"
And be virtuous. Do everything in accordance with humanity."
不仅是孔子最早的话，还有美丽的话
Not only the earliest words of Confucius but beautiful words too.
-哇。-和
-Wow! -And...
他们太棒了，因为他们为我们提供了新的信息
they were so amazing because they provide us new information
关于对孔子本人非常重要的早期经典
on early classics that were very important to Confucius himself.
例如，
And for example,
这张纸条提到了他本应该读的经典著作
this particular slip mentions about the classics he would have read.
颂歌♥、仪式和音乐之书，这些历史之书非常重要，
The book of odes, ritual, and music, but the book of history is very important,
因为它记录了周公这样的人物，
because it recorded figures like the Duke of Zhou,
西周早期的国王，
the early kings of the western Zhou,
大约比孔子时代早五百年
about five hundred years before Confucius' time.
这些人能够领导一个和谐的社会
And these men were able to lead a society of harmony.
孔子在史书中找到了他所寻找的东西
Confucius found in the words of the book of history
what he was looking for.
这是一个社会和政♥治♥和谐的理想模式
An ideal model where social and political harmony had prevailed.
由周朝早期近乎超人的贤明统治者设计
Engineered by the almost super-humanely sage rulers of the early Zhou dynasty.
尤其是周公
In particular, the Duke of Zhou.
当他的兄弟武王去世时，公爵本可以夺取王位
When his brother King Wu died, the Duke could have seized the throne.
但据记录，他反而表现得很忠诚，
But it's reported that instead he acted loyally,
作为摄政王为他的侄子，国王的儿子统治
ruling as a regent for his nephew, the king's son.
然后，当男孩长大后，
And then, when the boy grew up,
他公正而忠实地移交了权力
fairly and faithfully, he handed over the reins of power.
这些说法是否完全属实还没有定论，
Whether these accounts were entirely true is a moot point,
但孔子看到了它们的巨大潜力
but Confucius saw huge potential in them.
这个黄金时代有力地证明了社会秩序是可能的
This golden age was robust evidence that social order was possible.
遵循周初的做法和榜样，
By following the practices and examples of the early Zhou,
通过重温过去，可以解决当前的问题
by reviving the past, there could be solutions to the problems of the present.
这是黄金时代的伟大之处，它们让人非常安慰
It is the great thing about Golden Ages, they're very comforting.
我们相信，如果人类能够在过去创造美好的事物，
We believe that if humanity was capable of wonderful things in the past,
我们可以再次实现这些目标
we can achieve them once again.
[中国器乐演奏]
[Chinese instrumental music playing]
孔子认为，早期的周代
Confucius believed that early Zhou society
是他 道 理念的理想体现
was the ideal manifestation of his concept of the Way.
为了重建这种和谐，社会需要回到他们的高标准
To recreate that harmony, society needed to return to their high standards.
尤其是在仪式方面
Especially in terms of ritual.
孔子确信古代的礼仪已经腐化
Confucius was convinced that the ancient rites had been corrupted.
为了恢复黄金时代，他必须恢复适当的仪式
In order to restore the golden age, he would have to reinstate proper ritual.
在孔子的故乡曲阜，有一座供奉孔子的寺庙，
Here in Confucius' hometown of Qufu, is a temple dedicated to the Master,
对他的许多信徒来说，这里是朝圣的终极场所
it's the ultimate place of pilgrimage for many of his devotees.
孔先生的祖先可以追溯到孔子
Mr. Kong traces his ancestry back to Confucius.
他经常主持他的显赫亲戚所重视的仪式
And often leads rituals that his illustrious relative set such store by.
[隐约的普通话聊天]
[indistinct chatter in Mandarin]
作为孔子的后裔，
[Mr. Kong in Mandarin] As descendants of Confucius,
我们每年举♥行♥两次庄严的祭祖仪式
we hold two solemn ancestor worship ceremonies every year.
每一步都是按照中国传统的古代礼仪安排的
Each step is precisely arranged according to the ancient rites of Chinese tradition.
我们每一步都很虔诚，从整理帽子和衣服，
We are religious in every step, from tidying up our hat and clothes,
我们的姿势和心境