冰冻星球（2011）

汇集的水，正在创造数百万个新的湖泊
And the pooling water is creating millions of new lakes.
在阿♥拉♥斯加我们看到湖泊面♥积♥增加了 40%
Here in Alaska, we've seen a 40% increase in the lake area
自 80 年代以来
since the '80s.
Katy Walter Anthony 教授曾在阿♥拉♥斯加工作过
Professor Katy Walter Anthony has worked across Alaska
和西伯利亚研究他们的湖泊
and Siberia studying their lakes.
她对湖泊本身的兴趣不大
She is interested not so much in the lakes themselves,
但从他们身上渗出的东西
but in what is seeping out of them.
我们在卫星图像中，看到了一个亮点
We are seeing a bright spot in the satellite image
我们怀疑是气体冒泡
that we suspect is gas bubbling.
为了识别这些气泡中的气体
To identify the gas in these bubbles,
凯蒂必须收集一些
Katy must collect some of it.
我被正在上升的微小气泡所包围
I'm surrounded by tiny bubbles that are rising.
甲烷似乎是主要气体
Methane appears to be the dominant gas.
甲烷是由腐烂的史前遗迹产生的
Methane is produced by the decaying remains of prehistoric
植物和动物
plants and animals.
随着湖底的冻土开始融化
As the frozen soil beneath the lake starts to thaw,
它释放出这种强效温室气体的储存
it releases stores of this potent greenhouse gas,
它的升温效果，比二氧化碳高出 30 倍
which is up to 30 times more effective than carbon dioxide
当涉及到在大气中捕获热量和
when it comes to trapping heat in the atmosphere and
加速全球变暖
accelerating global warming.
这些微小气泡的含量为百万分之 45
45 parts per million for these tiny bubbles.
它越来越高
It's rising higher and higher.
现在已经超过70了
Now it's going above 70.
这是大量的甲烷
This is a huge amount of methane.
这可能是一个巨大的渗漏
It could be a mega-seep.
我们正在发现，越来越多的这些甲烷巨型渗漏
We are discovering more and more of these methane mega-seeps.
它只是流出并进入大气层
It's just streaming out and entering into the atmosphere.
可以看到甲烷从湖泊中逸出
Methane can be seen escaping from lakes.
但它也从被冻土层中升起
But it also rises from the land wherever the frozen soil, known as
永久冻土开始解冻
the permafrost, begins to thaw.
北极苔原正在解冻和塌陷
And the Arctic tundra is thawing and collapsing
以前所未有的速度
at an unprecedented rate.
这是令人担忧的，因为永久冻土或冻土
It's concerning because permafrost, or frozen ground,
约占北半球陆地面♥积♥的四分之一
occupies about a quarter of the northern hemisphere land surface.
随着永久冻土融化，即使是一小部分
As permafrost thaws, if even a small fraction
如果捕获的甲烷逸出
if that trapped methane escapes,
它将加速气候变暖
it will accelerate climate warming
你不能扭转它
and you cannot reverse it.
很明显，在北极陆地上的永久冻土变化
It's clear that in the Arctic changes to permafrost on the land
海上浮冰将产生深远的影响
and floating ice on the sea will have far-reaching consequences
对整个星球
to the planet as a whole.
没有比这更好的地方了
And there is nowhere better to see the extent of
这些全球变化...
these global changes...
..比来自太空
...than from space.
我这辈子，都想过凝视这会是什么感觉
All of my life, I've thought about how this would feel to gaze
用我自己的眼睛，回到这个星球上
back on the planet with my own eyes.
美国宇航局的科学家，杰西卡·梅尔已经在轨道上呆了六个月
NASA scientist Jessica Meir has spent six months in orbit.
从空间站，你有地球在你下方旋转
From the space station, you have the planet spinning beneath you.
你正以每小时 17,500 英里的速度经过它
And you're passing over it at 17,500 miles per hour.
我们每 90 分钟绕地球一圈
We are going around the entire planet every 90 minutes,
所以你可以开始看到更大规模的现象
so you can begin to see larger-scale phenomenon
以您无法在地面上体验的方式
in ways that you just can't experience on the ground.
随着时间的推移，我们可以看到这些系统的变化
And we can see the change in these systems over time.
我们不能否认，我们正在对
We cannot deny that we are having an incredible effect on
我们星球的命运
the fate of our planet.
而我们作为人类，对我们星球的影响......
And the effect that we have as humans on our planet...
就在那里，实际上我正在俯视几场火灾
Right there, actually, I'm looking down at several fires.
我不确定那些在哪里
I'm not sure where those are.
让我们快速浏览一下
Let's take a quick peek.
所以现在我们正在飞越欧洲，我可以看到
So right now we're flying over Europe and I can see
在那个方向上发生了一些火灾
some fires over in that direction.
当然这是我们必须争辩的事情
And that is, of course, something that we have to contend
随着我们的气候变化越来越多
more and more with as our climate changes.
随着北极变暖，野火不仅变得更加强烈
As the Arctic warms, wildfires are not only getting more intense
但它们正在北半球的部分地区爆发
but they're breaking out in parts of the northern hemisphere
他们以前从未发生过的地方
where they have never occurred before.
一些科学家认为，异常温暖的空气上升
Some scientists believe that unusually warm air rising in
北极正在扰乱高海拔气流
the Arctic is disturbing high-altitude wind currents
就像极地急流
like the polar jet stream.
一旦受到干扰，急流会产生更热和更干燥
Once disturbed, the jet stream produces hotter and drier
条件更南
conditions much further south.
所有这些导致野火的因素——温度
All of these factors that contribute to wildfires - the temperature,
土壤水分、树木、灌木和其他燃料的存在——
the soil moisture, the presence of trees and shrubs and other fuel -
与气候变化有密切、直接或间接的联♥系♥
have either strong, direct or indirect ties to climate change.
北极变暖，可能不仅是负责任的
A warming Arctic may not only be responsible
为野火的爆发
for the outbreak of wildfires.
但这也可能导致极端天气条件
But it may also be leading to extreme weather conditions
横跨整个北半球
across the whole of the northern hemisphere.
我一直非常关心环境，并且知道
I've always cared so much about the environment and known
我们都需要尽自己的一份力量保护它
that we all need to do our part in protecting it.
但是在亲眼看到这个景色之后，在看到之后
But after seeing this view with my own eyes, after seeing
所有这些来自这里的生态系统，它真的做到了
all of those ecosystems from up here, it really makes it
引起更大的共鸣
resonate even more loudly.
在北极之外，还有另一个冰冻的领域
Outside the Arctic, there's another frozen realm that stretches
横跨世界各大洲
across the world's continents.
我们的高山
Our high mountains.
拥有一系列非凡的物种
Home to an extraordinary array of species.
但这里也有一个问题
But here, too, there's a problem.
在世界各地，高山冰川已经存在了
Across the world, mountain glaciers, which have existed for
几万年都在缩小和消失
tens of thousands of years, are shrinking and vanishing.
到本世纪末，一些范围可能有
By the end of this century, some ranges may have
一点冰都没有
no ice remaining at all.
这不仅会影响动物，也会影响人
And this will affect not just animals, but people too.
来自世界大山脉的高山冰川流失的冰
Ice lost from the mountain glaciers from the great ranges of the world
对下游的人口产生了巨大的影响
has a huge a consequence for the populations downstream,
结果就是他们的供水
and that consequence is their water supply.
喜马拉雅山脉的冰川，为十个最大的亚洲河流
Glaciers in the Himalayas are the source of ten of the largest
提供可靠的淡水来源
rivers in Asia, which together provide reliable, fresh water
为下游约 10 亿人提供服务
for around a billion people downstream.
如果冰川消失，它们供应的水也会消失
If the glaciers disappear, so too will the water they supply.
我们知道这些冰川，每年正在流失
We know that these glaciers are losing about a half a metre
大约半米冰
of ice a year.
我们不知道，还剩下多少冰
What we don't know is how much ice is left.
所以如果我们知道剩下多少米的冰，我们就可以计算出
So if we know how many metres of ice are left, we can work out how long
他们会这种供水，会持续多久
they'll last, how long this water supply will keep going.
Hamish Pritchard 博士是科学家团队的一员
Dr Hamish Pritchard is part of a team of scientists
他们发明了一种新仪器来测量
who have devised a new instrument to measure one of
喜马拉雅冰川最大的其中一个
the largest Himalayan glaciers.
我们在这里组装的，是一个长框架结构
What we're putting together here is a long frame structure,
它的设计目的是，悬挂在直升机下方
and it's designed to hang underneath a helicopter.
我们要在上面安装雷达雷达会发出
We're going to put a radar on it and the radar will send out
无线电波，然后它们会从冰川底部反弹回来
the radio waves and then they'll bounce back off the bottom
我们将能够测量冰的厚度
of the glacier, and we'll be able to measure how thick the ice is.
一旦他的团队知道，冰有多厚，他们就可以开始计算了
Once his team know how thick the ice is, they can start to work out
会持续多久
how long it will last.
是的，这是一个紧张的时刻
Yeah, it's a nervous moment.
我们只是在等待它第一次升空
We're just waiting for it to get lifted off up for the first time.
但希望它会很好稳定稳定
But hopefully it's going to be nice, steady, stable,
一个不错的轻松起飞
a nice easy lift-off.
但我们即将找出答案
But we're about to find out.
那条线很清楚
That line is clear.
负载正在提升
The load is lifting.
好吧在北边...
OK, it's north of the...
..到Khumjung地区
...to the Khumjung area.
你好，这里是哈米什，你的飞行怎么样？
Hi. It's Hamish here. How was your flying?
是的，当风起时它有点失常
Yeah, when the wind picks up it's a little more squirrelly,
但除此之外没有问题
but no problems otherwise.
是的，你可能想在那里增加一点高度
Yeah, you might want to gain a little bit of height there.
是的，没问题
Yeah, no problem.
好的，我们将飞出去，然后前往珠穆朗玛峰
OK, we'll fly out and then head towards Everest.