星空瞰华夏（2020）

they tie their hair up instead.
而是把头发扎在后面
Professor sun believes these masks,
孙教授认为这些
with two distinctive hair styles,
不同发型的面具
represent the two different clans who ruled the city.
代表统治城市的两个不同的部落
And his theory could help
他的理论有助于解决
answer Sanxingdui's most puzzling question.
三星堆最令人费解的问题
Just like at Shimao, the city seemed to suddenly disappear.
和石峁一样 这座城市似乎突然间消失了
The clue to what happened lies 30 miles south in Chengdu,
消失的原因则藏在往南50千米的成都
the site of another ancient city, called Jinsha.
这里是另一座古城 金沙遗址的所在
It emerged around the same time as Sanxingdui's demise
它出现的时间与三星堆消失的时间大致吻合
and archaeologists have found hundreds of objects here,
考古学家已经在这里发现了数百件文物
evidence that the two cities belonged to the same culture.
证明这两座城市属于同一种文明
But Professor Sun believes there's one crucial thing missing.
但孙教授认为这里缺少了一个关键
Archaeologists here have only found figures
考古学家在这里只发现了两支部落中
from one of the two clans,
其中一支的形象
those with braided hair.
所有雕像都是有辫子的
The people who had braids became the rulers of Jinsha.
编辫子的人成为了金沙的统治者
So what happened to the people that had no braid?
那些没有辫子的人怎么样了呢
The people with their hair pinned up?
那些把头发束起来的人
My theory is that at the end of Sanxingdui,
据我的推测 在三星堆最后的时刻
there was a great conflict between the clan without braids
没有辫子的部落和有辫子的部落之间
and those with braids and the whole city was destroyed.
发生了一场严重冲突 整座城市被摧毁了
Professor Sun's theory,
孙教授的理论是
of a city torn apart when one clan destroys another
在惨烈的内战中 一个部落中消灭了另一个部落
in a violent civil war,
城市也因此陨灭
would explain why Sanxingdui was suddenly abandoned.
这或许能解释为什么三星堆会突然遭到遗弃
So could something similar have happened at Shimao?
那有没有可能 类似的事情也在石峁发生了呢
It seems possible.
似乎有可能
Because excavations are uncovering
因为挖掘工作渐渐发现了一些
grizzly evidence of brutal killing.
残忍♥杀戮的证据
Look at this. It's just heads.
看看这个 这些都是头颅
Yeah.
是的
Looking at the skulls, I can tell that some of the bones
看到这些头盖骨 我能看出有一些骨头
are not yet fused, so they're very young.
还没有闭合 所以他们还很年轻
Teenager. Teenagers.
是青少年 青少年
Yeah. OK.
是的 好的
We can tell that these heads were cut off
能看得出来 这些人头是被砍掉的
because on many we found incision marks here.
因为在很多头骨的这里都发现了切痕
But these are not the victims
但这些人并不是城市内部
of a power-struggle within the city.
一场权力斗争的受害者
Examination of the skulls shows they are all young women
对头骨的检测发现 她们都是年轻女性
and chemical analysis of their teeth reveals
而对其牙齿的化学分♥析♥表明
they're not from here,
她们不是本地人
but from more than 100 miles away to the northwest.
而是来自西北方160千米之外的地方
So, how did their remains end up here?
那么她们的遗骸是如何在这里出现的呢
It could be because Shimao was involved in some violence,
可能是因为石峁城被卷入了某些暴♥力♥行为
like wars with other territories.
比如与其他势力之间的战争
It seems these young women were captives,
这些年轻女性似乎是俘虏
victims of human sacrifice.
是人祭的牺牲品
It appears to be gruesome evidence of conflict
这骇人的场景是该地与某个敌对国家之间
with a rival, enemy kingdom.
产生冲突的证据
So, could Shimao's downfall have been caused by war?
那么石峁的陨落会是由战争导致的吗
I'm investigating the abandonment
我正在调查巨型古代城市
of the colossal ancient city of Shimao.
石峁遭到遗弃的原因
There's no evidence here
这里找不到什么证据
for the natural disasters and internal conflict
证明此处发生过摧毁其他古代文明的
that destroyed other ancient civilizations.
自然灾害或内部冲突
I want to know, could war with undiscovered rival kingdoms
我好奇的是 会不会是石峁与尚未发现的古国
have caused its downfall?
暴发了战争 导致了自己的覆灭
To find out, I'm going to analyze the city's defenses
为了找到答案 我准备分♥析♥这座城的防御系统
and investigate if they were ever breached,
并检查它们是否遭到过破坏
starting with the main gateway through the city's outer wall,
首先检查的就是开在城郭的主城门
the formidable East Gate.
雄伟的东门
My tech experts Ryan Kastner and Eric Lo
我的技术专家 瑞恩·卡斯特纳和艾瑞克·卢
are using laser scanning, called lidar
正在使用叫做"激光雷达"的扫描技术
to reveal its structure.
来窥探其结构
So what the lidar is going to produce is a 3d model
这台激光雷达要制♥作♥的是一个3D模型
that we can move around, look at from different angles
我们可以随意转动模型 从各个角度进行观察
and take measurements of,
以及测量
as if we had it in real life,
跟在现实中的操作没什么区别
but we can do it on the computer.
只不过我们是在电脑上做
Hey guys.
你们好
Hey Al, we've got some good stuff to show you man.
阿兰 我们有些好东西要给你看
Alright, East Gate?
好的 东门吗
Yeah, so we've been lidaring
是的 我们过去这几天
round the East Gate the past couple of days.
一直在用激光雷达对东门附近进行扫描
We were able to scan the entire thing.
我们能够扫描整个结构
Yeah, this is a combination of about 100 different scans.
这是大约一百张不同扫描图的叠加
The scans reveal advanced defenses.
扫描显示 这里有先进的防御系统
The outer walls include bastions,
城郭上建有堡垒
protrusions at regular intervals
即一些均匀间隔的突出物
that allow archers to fire on the flanks of an enemy attack.
能让弓箭手对进攻中的敌军侧翼进行射击
And the gateway itself is also ingeniously designed.
城门本身也设计得极为巧妙
This is the main entrance to the gate here,
这里就是通往城门的主入口
but the entire structure is built on the edge of a steep cliff.
但整个结构是建在一座陡峭悬崖的边缘
Now if an invading army had managed to climb all the way
如果有想攻城的军队想方设法地
to the top of the cliff,
爬到了悬崖顶端
they are confronted first by this U shaped structure,
首先要面对的就是这个U型工事
which means they are going to have to divide their force
这意味着他们只有分散己方兵力
to get in through the gate entrance.
才能通过城门进入城内
And what would be waiting for them here?
而在这里等待他们的会是什么呢
Probably hundreds of soldiers as the first line of defense.
可能是由数百名战士组成的第一道防线
The main gateway is protected by guardhouses
主城门道由一些哨亭
and two massive towers overlooking an L-shaped passageway.
两座大型塔楼 以及夹在中间的L型走道守卫着
It forces attackers through a right-angled turn
走道迫使攻方通过一个直角转弯
and into more concealed defensive positions.
进入更加隐蔽的防御阵地
And these fortifications are just protecting the outer city.
这些防御工事所保护的还只是外城而已
There's a further inner wall
再攀越一道内墙
and a mile of jagged terrain to cross
以及两千米的崎岖山地
even to reach the towering walls of the palace area itself.
才能碰到宫殿外那高耸的城墙
There's something fundamentally important
石峁的防御设计理念中
about the idea of defense at Shimao.
有一些非常重要的东西
The city was prepared for an attack on a massive scale.
这座城市已做好应对大规模袭击的准备
But archaeologists have found no evidence of destruction
但是考古学家并未发现防御工事被毁的证据
or any sign that these magnificent defenses were ever breached.
甚至连被突破的迹象也没有
So war did not destroy this city.
所以摧毁这座城市的不是战争
But perhaps, there's just one more possibility
但或许还有一种可能
that might finally explain Shimao's downfall.
也许最终可以解释石峁的陨落
My team archaeologist Sarah Klassen
我团队的考古学家萨拉·克拉森
is heading 800 miles southeast of Shimao,
从石峁向东南方出发行进1300千米
to the Yangtze River Delta.
来到了长江三角洲
She's investigating some recently discovered ancient structures
她在调查一些最近才发现的古代建筑
that succumbed to a final destructive force.
这些建筑最终毁于一场天灾
She starts by examining a digital elevation model or DEM,
她从检查多张卫星图像组成的数字高程模型
a relief map, made from multiple satellite images.
即地形图着手
With the DEM, I'm looking for things that you
有了数字高程模型 我能找到
wouldn't necessarily expect to see in nature
某些在自然界一般不会存在的东西
because it's too, too perfect or too engineered.
因为它要么太完美 要么太巧夺天工
To the north up here, this is really interesting.
在北边这里 真的很有意思
There are two kind of linear embankments
这里有两道细长的堤
with a depressed area in the middle.
中间有一道凹陷的地带
Archaeologist Wang Ningyuan leads a team revealing
考古学家王宁远领导的团队发现
that these banks are ancient manmade earthworks...
这些堤坝是古代人工建造的土垒防御工事
You can really get a sense of how big this feature was
你能真切地感受到这个建筑物的庞大
and how many people would have been necessary to build it.
以及建设它需要耗费多少人力
From there to there it's about 100 meters across.
从这边到那边大概是一百米宽
This massive earth wall is built between two hills
这道巨大的土墙建筑在两山之间
to create an ancient man-made dam and reservoir.
是古代人工建造的堤坝和水库
And from the satellite data, Wang Ningyuan's team
通过卫星数据 王宁远的团队发现
have discovered this is just one tiny part
这只是一个巨大的水利系统之中