外星世界（2020）

灯屋洞窟是一个诸多石灰岩室 构成的迷宫
Cueva de Villa Luz is a maze of limestone chambers.
硫化氢从地壳冒着泡喷出来
Hydrogen sulfide bubbles upxa0 from the Earth's crust.
和氧气混合 形成硫酸 把水变成奶白色
Mixing with oxygen, it forms sulfuric acid and turns the water milky white.
即使如此 还是有一些生命形式幸存了
And yet, some life forms survive,
甚至在这种条件下茁壮成长
and even thrive in these conditions.
钟乳菌…
Snottites. . .
悬挂下来的菌落
dripping colonies of bacteria.
一株钟乳菌里有很多的生物体
There are a lot of organismsxa0 in one snottite.
它们不依赖光合作用
Instead of relying on photosynthesis,
它们吃硫化氢
they are eating hydrogen sulfide
将硫化氢作为它们的能量来源
and are using it as their energy source.
-好了 准备点火了吗？ -是的
Okay, ready to flame? Yep.
消毒一下
So, make it nice and sterile.
好了 请盖上吧
Okay, cap that, please.
好 我们把这株弄下来
Okay, let's go for this one.
好
Okay.
好 一株钟乳菌
Okay. One snottite.
这些是世上最好的钟乳菌
These are some of the best snottites in the world.
酸性很强
So acidic.
比汽车电池的酸性都强
More acidic than car battery acid.
以钟乳菌为食物
An entire ecosystem has evolved
整个生态系统演化出来
to feed off the snottites.
一些在日光下从未见过的生物
Creatures that have never seen daylight.
你看到这些了吗？
Can you see those?
是的
Yes, I do.
右边有一些很大的
So, there's some really big ones over here to the right.
只要你看到这些白色的细菌带
So, whenever you see onexa0 of those white streamers of bacteria,
你就会看到追逐其后的鱼
you'll see a fish go after it.
好 那边还有更多 看到了吗？ 来了一条大的 看到了吗？
Okay, here comes some more over there. See? Here comes a big one, see?
它过来了 在那儿 它吃到了
It's coming. There, it got it!
研究黑暗中的生物
Studying life in total darkness
拓展了我们如何在宇宙的其他地方 寻找生命的方式
has expanded how we look for life in other places in the universe.
这让我们想到 我们可以在我们以前从未考虑的地方
It's made us think about the fact
找到生命
that we could find life in places we never considered.
Yep, there we go. 25.
-25 -25
读数很高了
25. It's getting pretty high.
好吧 你觉得我们该出去了？
All right. You think we ought to get out of here?
Yeah.
所有生命都需要某种形式的能源
All life needs some form of energy.
在亚努斯热的一面 能源来自恒星的光
On the hot face of Janus, it comes from starlight.
在冷的一面 能源来自地下
On the cold face, xa0 it comes from deep within.
地热活动
Geothermal activity.
当火山压力把水推到表面
When volcanic pressurexa0 forces water to the surface,
就带来一股新的生命…
there's a flurry of new life. . .
惹得五足虫蠢蠢欲动
which stirs pentapods into action.
它们是来吃地热池里涌出来的小虫的
They're after grubsxa0 that emerge around geothermal pools.
但这可不容易
But it's not so easy.
小虫子演化出一种防御机制
The grubs have evolved a defense.
它们四处跳跃 发光 向其他小虫子示警
They jump and flash a warning signalxa0 to others. . .
行动一致 用来保命
acting as one to stay alive.
在地球上 有一些动物也以同样的方式使用光
On Earth, some animalsxa0 use light in the same way. . .
发送信♥号♥♥
to send signals.
（美国 宾夕法尼亚州 阿勒盖尼国家森林）
你看到的每一个亮点都是一只萤火虫
Every single point of light that you see out there is a firefly.
太阳一旦落山 它们就出来了
Right as the sun sets, you'll start to see them come up,
就像篝火散发出的火星
like little sparks rising from a fire.
这种景象太壮观了 随着天色变暗 这种景观越来越好
It's just spectacular, and it only gets better as the night gets darker.
萤火虫的闪光是一种通讯方式
Fireflies flash as a formxa0 of communication.
它们是能用自发光进行交流的 陆地上仅有的动物
They are among the only land animals that communicate with light of their own making.
萤火虫演化出来的生物光 警告捕猎者
Bioluminescence evolved among fireflies as a warning to predators
它们是有毒的 最好离它们远点
that they're packed with toxinsxa0 and should be given a wide berth.
同时这种机制
Now the same mechanism
用于寻找交♥配♥对象
is used for finding a mate.
萤火虫是通过腹部的 一个称为灯笼的器官制♥造♥光
So, the firefly produces light from anxa0 organ on its abdomen called the lantern.
这个器官拥有能产生一丝亮光的酶
And this organ has an enzyme
这种生化反应需要利用氧气
that produces one photon of light.
于是通过对通往灯笼的氧气流的控制
This chemical reaction involves oxygen. So, by controlling the flow of oxygenxa0 to their lantern,
它们能制♥造♥闪光 它们能开启和关闭化学反应
they can produce, uh, flashes. They can turn the chemical reaction on and off,
利用这些闪光互相交流
and use these flashes to communicate with each other.
雄性萤火虫四处飞 做着广♥告♥
The males are flying around, and they're doing little advertisements,
微微的闪光好像在说 “我在这儿呢 到我这儿来看看”
little flashes that say, xa0 "Here I am. This is me, check me out. "
雌性萤火虫在下面的地面上等待 她们往上看
And then the females are waiting onxa0 the ground below and they're looking up.
当她们看到了喜欢的雄性 她们会发光回应
And when they see a guy that they like, they flash back.
然后雄性萤火虫过来 再次闪光
And then the male will come over, he'll flash again.
她们闪光回应 它们聚到一起进行交♥配♥
She flashes backxa0 and they come together and mate.
我们身后看到的 其实是一场盛大的调情舞蹈
So, this is actually one big flirtatious dance that we're seeing right here behind us.
每个物种都能创造自己特有的语言
Each species createsxa0its ownxa0 little language
用来在黑暗中寻找彼此
that they can use to find each other in the dark.
但使用光线进行交流难免是有风险的
But using light to communicate is inherently risky.
有些物种进化出虚假的信♥号♥♥
Some species have evolvedxa0 to emit fake signals.
这是一只雌性的腓特烈斯萤火虫 她具有捕食性
What we have herexa0 is a predatory Photuris female,
她也被称作致命美人
also called femmes fatales, because they have a reputation
因为她们以诱食其他物种的雄性 而闻名
for luring in males of other speciesxa0 to eat them.
她们会像黑客一样 利用其他物种雌性和雄性之间的交流
They can hack in to the communicationxa0 between a male and a female
来达到她的目的
and use that to her advantage.
所以你可以分辨出 这是一只捕食性的萤火虫
So, you can tellxa0 this is a predatory firefly
因为她的灯笼具有不一样的形状
because her lanternxa0 has a different shape to it.
发光的只是两条线 就像一个等号♥
Only two two little lines light up, xa0 almost like an equals sign.
当有一只雄性萤火虫 飞到各处寻找交♥配♥伙伴时
So, basically, a male will bexa0 flying around looking for a mate
这只雄性萤火虫会闪光 捕食性萤火虫就会闪光回应
and then when the males flash, they flash back,
假装是那个物种的雌性
just as ifxa0 they were a female of that species.
她们模仿其他物种的雌性
So, they're imitating the females of that other species
引诱雄性萤火虫过来 但她们不会和那只雄性萤火虫交♥配♥
to get the male to come over, but they don't wanna mate with that male. . .
她是想把他吃了
she wants to eat that male.
接下来她会以极端暴♥力♥的方式 来做这件事情
And she proceeds to do soxa0 in an extremely violent way.
这是一个利用拟态进行捕猎的 经典的例子
This is a classic example of a predator using mimicry.
一个物种模仿另一物种的行为
One speciesxa0 copying the behavior of another. . .
目的是为了猎杀
in order to kill it.
我觉得 在动物王国 谎言和欺骗是很普遍的现象
Lying and deceit is. . . is pretty widespread in the animal kingdom, I would say.
我觉得在任何星球上都会存在
And I think it would be on any planet.
在亚努斯 小虫子利用发光保命
On Janus, the grubs use light to stay alive.
但它们的系统即将被黑客入侵
But their system is about to be hacked.
通过捕捉到几只小虫子 五足虫吸收了它们的生物光
By catching a few grubs, the pentapods absorb theirxa0bioluminescence. . .
并模仿它们的警告信♥号♥♥
and mimic their warning signals.
小虫子会本能地跳离闪光
The grubs instinctively jump awayxa0 from flashing lights.
但这次是个陷阱
But this time, it's a trap.
五足虫把它们引到了自己的嘴边
The pentapods have themxa0 where they want them.
适应能力再次成为它们生存的秘密
Again, adaptability is the secretxa0 to their survival.
但对于亚努斯上所有的生命
But for all creatures on Janus,
无论是在冷、暖世界 还是黄昏世界
existence depends on one key ingredient. . .
生存依赖于一个关键成分：
whether in the hot, cold or twilight worlds.
水
Water.
（冰岛 赫维里尔地热区）
所有人都知道 《金发姑娘和三只熊》的故事
Everybody knows the story of Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
她悄悄溜进了熊的房♥子 想要吃熊的粥
She sneaks into their housexa0 and tries to eat their porridge.
第一碗太烫了
The first bowl is too hot.
第二晚太冷了
The second bowl is freezing cold.
直到她尝了第三碗 她才满意
It's only when she tries the third bowl that she's happy.
“就是这一碗” 金发姑娘说
"This one, " Goldilocks says,
“这一碗正好”
"is just right. "
我们在宇宙四处寻找生命的时候
When we look around the universe in the search for life, xa0
我们是在寻找“正好”的条件
we are looking for conditionsxa0 that are "just right. "
在这件事情上
And "just right, " in this case,
“正好”的定义 基于这种物质的存在：
is defined by the presence of this stuff.
水
Water.
水为生命输送体外的必需品…
Water transports the essentials for life around the planet
和体内的基本营养素
and around every living body.
水是全宇宙中最重要的物质
It's the most important substancexa0 in the universe.
由于我们对水很熟悉
Because water is so familiar to us,
只有等到你停下来想一想 你才意识到它有多奇怪
it's not until you really stop and thinkxa0 about it that you realize how weird it is.
水是由一个氧原子…
Water is made upxa0 by one oxygen atom. . .
和两个氢原子组成的