外星世界（2020）

which they give in exchange for that carbon.
所以这真的是一种 对两种生物都有利的互利共生
So, really, it's a mutualism that benefits both of the organisms.
这种菌丝系统最独特的地方
Possibly the most extraordinary thing
在于它们彼此的连接是何等紧密
about this mycelial system is just how connected it is.
粘附在这棵树的树根的菌类
So, the fungi that are attached to the roots of this tree
也粘附在那棵树的树根上
will also be attached to the roots of that tree,
还有那边的那棵树
and that tree over there,
而它们又通过同样的菌丝体 和邻近的树相连
and they will also be connectedxa0 to their neighbors
菌丝体从一棵树连接到另一棵树
via the same mycelial system that is really going tree to tree to tree.
菌丝体网络就像 由电线和节点组成的电路
The mycelial network is like a circuit of wires and nodes
借此信息得以传播
through which information can flow.
通过它
And with it,
菌类可以维护森林
fungi can maintain the forest.
如果那边有一棵树正在死去
So, if we have one tree over there that's dying,
菌类会将更多的养分分配给那棵树
it might reallocate more nutrients towards that tree,
这样那棵树能生长得更好
so that the tree can do better
结果 菌类系统也能生长得更好
and, as a result, the fungal system does better.
同样的 菌类网络的某个部分出了问题
Similarly, if there's disturbancexa0 at some part of the fungal network,
养分就会被移除到其他地方
it will remove nutrients away
这样可以最大程度地减少 问题造成的影响
so that itxa0can minimize the impact of that disturbance.
正是这些看不见的生态系统工程师
It's these invisible ecosystem engineers
保持整个系统 以非常健康的方式运作
that are keeping the entire systemxa0 functioning in a really healthy way.
这种系统被称为木万维网
This system has become knownxa0 as the Wood Wide Web,
听起来像是个笑话
and it sounds like a bit of a joke,
但其功能和因特网并没有什么不同
but, really, it doesn't functionxa0 so differently from the internet,
保持森林系统中所有生物连接在一起
keeping all of the organismsxa0 connected in the forest system.
这种过程存在于
This process is happening all across the planet,
整个星球上 我们能想到的每一个生态系统
in every ecosystem we can imagine.
如果我们有机会找到某个外星星球 拥有茂盛的生态系统
So, if we're gonna get a lush ecosystem on some alien planet out there,
我敢肯定 像这样的 巨大的菌丝体系统一定是其基础
I bet you that it's underpinned by something like this massive mycelial system.
在伊甸 森林里的生活是一种
Life in the forests of Edenxa0is a trade-off
发生在菌类、食草动物 和掠食者之间的交换
between fungi, grazers and predators.
但还有一个更大的从天上来的力量 参与其中
But there are greater celestial forces at play.
伊甸的季节比地球上更明显
Eden has stronger seasons than on Earth,
双太阳带来的光线和热度波动性更大
greater fluctuations of light and warmth from its twin stars.
随着冬季来临
As winter approaches,
幸存下来的捕食者跟着阳光
the remaining predators migrate. . .
迁徙到别处
chasing the light.
剩下的食草动物会死去
The remaining grazers die.
每年冬天都是如此
It's the same every winter.
阴暗的树林里万物不生
Nothing grows in the dark forest. . .
除了那些蛹里的胚胎
. . . except the embryos in their cocoons.
随着季节开始变换
Just as the season starts to change. . .
食草动物开始孵化
the grazers hatch. . .
它们是受到双太阳回归的影响
taking their cuexa0 from the return of the twin stars.
在地球上 生命也是一样的
On Earth, life does the same thing,
将季节作为时钟
using the seasons as a clock.
现在是盛夏
It's midsummer,
一年中日照时间最长的时候
the longest day of the year.
（美国 宾夕法尼亚州 黄布里切斯河）
每年这个时候有大量飞蝇钓爱好者
There's a lot of fly fishermenxa0 out this time of year
因为每年在这个时候鱼儿很乐意咬钩
because this is the time of year that the fish are biting,
因为河里有充足的食物
because there is an abundant food source in the river,
食物来源都是这些蜉蝣的若虫
and that food source are all these guys, the mayfly nymph.
我们以为蜉蝣是在陆地上飞
So, we think of mayflies as flying around on the land with us,
但它们绝大部分的生命周期 是在河流的底部度过的
but they spend the vast majorityxa0 of their life cycle living down
它们在那里发育 长大
on the bottom of the river, developing, growing,
为每年的这一时候做准备
and it's all really building upxa0 to this one time in the year
到时候他们都会出来
where they're all going to emerge.
黄布里切斯河
Yellow Breeches River
汇流到萨斯奎汉纳河
feeds the Susquehanna.
在这些水下
Beneath these waters,
数百万的蜉蝣长成熟了 准备出来
millions of mayfliesxa0 are primed and ready to go.
太阳一下山…
And when the sun sets, they emerge. . .
它们成群涌现
en masse.
好多虫子 好像不知道是从哪儿来的
There are just so many insects that seemingly came out of nowhere.
感觉像是外星生物入侵
It really almost feels like an alien invasion.
蜉蝣最多活两天
Mayflies live, at most, for two days.
在这两天中 它们必须找到配偶 将基因传递下去
In that time, they must find a matexa0 to pass on their genes.
它们只有一次机会 如果错过了
They have one shot, they have one chance, and if they miss it,
这只蜉蝣就没戏了
it's game over for that mayfly.
交♥配♥之后
Once they've mated,
雌性蜉蝣会回到河里产卵
the females return to the riverxa0 to lay their eggs,
然后就死了
and then die.
这里的每一个白点都是一只蜉蝣
Each of these little white dots is a mayfly
它们成功回到河里产了卵
that successfully made it backxa0 to the water and has laid eggs.
它们成千上万随流而下
They are floating down by the thousands, by the hundreds of thousands.
它们开启了下一代
They have started the next generation
在接下来的一年继续重复
that will continue onxa0 and do this again next year
这一精确按时出现的活动
in this really precisely timed event.
季节的节奏
The rhythm of the seasonsxa0 is always dictated
总是由行星♥相♥对恒星的倾角决定的
by the tilt of a planetxa0towards its star.
地球的倾角是23. 5度
Earth is tilted at an anglexa0 of 23-and-a-half degrees.
在伊甸 这一倾角是40度
On Eden, that angle is 40 degrees,
于是 更多阳光散布到 星球上的更多表面
so more light spreads across more of the planet's surface.
越多阳光意味着越多生命
And more light means more life.
春天 食物充足
It's spring, and there's food to eat. . .
但新生的食草动物 需要在掠食者回来之前
but the new grazers need to growxa0 as fast as possible. . .
尽快成长
. . . before the predators return. . .
生命周期再次重复
and the life cycle repeats.
神奇的生物…
Wondrous creatures. . .
以葡萄糖为食…
fed by glucose. . .
由氧气提供能量…
powered by oxygen. . .
受到阳光滋养
nourished by starlight.
适用于伊甸的规律 同样也可能适用于整个宇宙
What is true on Eden may be true throughout the universe. . .
即所有生命都依赖于能量的流转
that all life depends on the flow of energy.
在一个不同的世界 生命会如何去适应？
How might life adaptxa0 on a different world,
那里居住着智慧生物
inhabited by intelligent beings,
它们足够智慧 以至于能在群星之中
intelligent enough to make a new home. . .
建造新的家园
among the stars?