七个世界，一个星球（2019）

七 个 世 界 一 个 星 球
非洲
Africa.
这里拥有世界上最为雄浑壮丽的野生动物奇观
No continent on Earth today has such spectacular wildlife.
大♥陆♥中心是郁郁葱葱的广阔热带雨林
At its heart lies a vast tropical rainforest.
一片占地200多万平方公里的荒野
Over a million square miles of wilderness,
大部分是迄今都无人涉足的
much of it still unexplored...
原始森林
...even now.
这里野生动植物多样 种类之多
There are more species of animals and plants in these jungles
超过非洲大♥陆♥的其它任何地方
than anywhere else on the continent.
但即使是在这片富饶之地
But even in this land of plenty...
野生动物们也面临着许多严峻挑战
...wildlife now faces major challenges.
非 洲
画外音
大卫 · 爱登堡 爵士
非洲科特迪瓦的森林资源丰富
The forests of the Ivory Coast
共有1500多种植物
contain over 1,500 species of plant,
但有些很难获得
but some are very difficult to get at...
就连一些最聪明伶俐的动物也只能望洋兴叹
...even for one of the most intelligent of animals.
黑猩猩
Chimpanzees.
这个族群的长者知道从哪里能找到最有营养的食物
The elders in this group know where to find the most nutritious food
以及如何提取其中的养分
and how to extract it.
年轻幼崽要想长大成年
But if they are to survive to adulthood,
必须跟随父母学习这些生存技能
the youngsters must learn these skills from their parents.
这只年轻雌性黑猩猩今年5岁
This young female is five years old...
这个年纪可以学习一门重要的课程了
...old enough to be given an important lesson.
这是负责传授知识的老师
And this is her teacher.
也是它的妈妈
Her mother.
课程内容是学习如何打开坚果
The lesson is how to crack a nut.
熟练使用工具是一项复杂的技能
Using tools like this is so complex
所以目前只有少数黑猩猩群体能够掌握
that it has only been mastered by a handful of chimpanzee communities.
这是黑猩猩历经数千年 通过不断实践获得的非凡本领
This is a skill that has been practised by chimps for several thousand years.
可以自己试一下了
Time to try for herself.
它需要找到一个更好的工具
She needs to find a better tool.
小石块的撞击力不够大
Small rocks just don't have the clout.
大石头又显得过于笨重
And larger ones are too cumbersome.
木头看似既轻便又结实
Wood is both light and strong...
但用在这里还不够
...but not strong enough.
它返回继续观摩学习
Back to teacher.
年轻黑猩猩可能需要将近10年
It may take a young chimp up to a decade to perfect
才能熟练掌握敲碎坚果的技能
the skills it needs for nut-cracking.
但它现在已经掌握了一项本领
But she's already mastered one thing.
当手指够不到果仁时
When her fingers can't reach the nut inside...
它会折下一根树枝 调整到合适大小
...she strips down a branch to size...
当成勺子用
...and makes herself a spoon.
它一生中要学习使用许多工具
She'll learn to use many tools in her life...
最终 它会把这些知识
...and eventually she'll share this knowledge
传授给自己的幼崽
with youngsters of her own,
使它们能够在广阔的雨林家园里尽情享用各种各样的食物资源
enabling them to harvest the riches of their rainforest home.
热带雨林中纷繁多样的动植物令人眼花缭乱
The sheer abundance of life in the rainforests
而东非的物种之多 毫不逊色
is rivalled by that on the eastern side of the continent.
大裂谷是纵贯东非南北的地理奇观 总长近6500公里
The Great Rift Valley runs for 4,000 miles down the length of Africa.
它形成于大约3000万年前
It developed some 30 million years ago,
由于地壳板块运动 一股巨大的熔岩从地下深处喷涌而出
when a giant plume of molten rock pushing up from the depths
导致地壳断裂
cracked the Earth's crust apart.
淡水在大裂谷的谷底位置大量聚集
Fresh water began to accumulate on the floor of this rift...
由此形成了一串链状排列的大小湖泊
...and a chain of lakes developed.
如今这些湖泊为各种各样的淡水动物
These lakes are now one of the richest freshwater habitats
提供了栖息地
to be found anywhere.
一个独特的鱼类家族 慈鲷在这里繁衍兴盛
One single family of fish here - the cichlids -
它已经进化出1500多个不同种类
has evolved into more than 1,500 different species.
这里仿佛世外桃源一般
This might look like paradise,
其实不同种类的慈鲷之间竞争异常激烈
but competition between these cichlid species is intense.
这片拥挤的水下世界 危机四伏
This crowded world is a dangerous one.
毕竟 幼鱼可是不错的美味
Baby fish, after all, make a tasty meal.
许多慈鲷妈妈进化出一套高效的育儿措施
So, many cichlid mothers have developed a very effective way
来确保幼鱼的安全
of keeping their offspring safe.
它们把大嘴当成移♥动♥的育儿所
They use their mouths as a mobile nursery.
—旦遇到危验 慈鲷幼鱼可以一直躲在妈妈嘴里享受庇护
It's a safe haven where the fry can stay until danger has passed.
当危机解除 妈妈会再把幼鱼吐出来
When the coast is clear, she releases them.
这种行为源于慈鲷妈妈
This kind of behaviour starts when the cichlid female
在新产下卵时就会将其含入口中提供保护
picks up her newly laid eggs and holds them in her mouth to keep them safe.
在繁殖期 雄性慈鲷会不断闪动尾部的黄色斑点
During spawning, her mate flashes his yellow tail spots
鼓励雌性持续产卵
to encourage her to keep laying.
当鱼卵产出后
As each batch of eggs emerges,
慈鲷妈妈迅速含起鱼卵
she scoops them up.
但这对慈鲷的举动全部被监视到了
But this couple are being watched...
它就是密点歧须鮠
...by cuckoo catfish.
密点歧须鮠成群结队地扫荡
They work as a gang
肆意吞食能发现的慈鲷鱼卵
and devour as many cichlid eggs as they can find.
在一片嘈杂和混乱中
Then, in the middle of all this activity,
其中一条密点歧须鮠也开始产卵
one of the catfish also spawns.
慈鲷妈妈匆忙收集着所有鱼卵
The cichlid mother collects every egg she can see.
现在 它要独自静静等待
Now, by herself, she must wait
鱼卵在自己的嘴里发育
while the eggs in her mouth develop.
这需要大概三周时间
It will take three weeks.
慈鲷妈妈在这期间始终不吃不喝
She doesn't eat throughout that entire time.
18天之后
But 18 days later,
好像有情况不太对劲
something is not right.
慈鲷妈妈居然把没有发育成熟的鱼卵直接吐了出来
The female blows out her young before they're fully ready to emerge.
紧接着 它的嘴中赫然出现了密点歧须鮠的幼鱼
And they are followed by young cuckoo catfish...
它们的个头是慈鲷幼鱼的3倍
...three times the size of her own babies.
它的嘴里可能有多达6条密点歧须鮠
She may have as many as six of them in her mouth.
现在
And now
它们开始狼吞虎咽 抢食慈鲷鱼卵
they begin to eat the cichlid babies.
雌性慈鲷把密点歧须鮠幼鱼当成了自己的亲生孩子
The female cichlid treats the baby catfish as if they were hers.
它们是鱼类中如假包换的“杜♥鹃♥”
They are truly cuckoos among fish!
曾经鬼斧神工创造出东非大裂谷的自然力量
The forces that created the Great Rift Valley
至今仍在塑造着
continue to shape Africa's landscape
非洲的地貌
even today.
在地壳的许多薄弱地点 炽热的岩浆仍旧在喷涌而出
At weak spots in the Earth's crust, molten rock continues to erupt.
非洲大♥陆♥拥有大约200座火山
There are some 200 volcanoes on the continent...
其中许多都是活火山
...many of them active.
它们可能会带来破坏
They may bring destruction
但最终会是沃土
but also, eventually, fertility.
这是伦盖伊火山
This is Ol Doinyo Lengai.
在过去的40万年里 这座巨型活火山不断喷发火山灰
For the past 400,000 years, ash from this great volcano
铺天盖地般撒落在塞伦盖蒂草原上
has fallen on the surrounding savannas of the Serengeti
滋养着这里的土壤
and greatly enriched them.
这是非洲大♥陆♥最好的草场
This is the best grazing on the continent.
广阔的草原上生活着世界上最大的迁徙动物群
On it live the world's largest herds of migrating animals...
反过来它们又供养着各种猎食者
...and they, in turn, support predators.
这里是肯尼亚 猎豹们形成了不同寻常的捕猎联盟
Here, in Kenya, cheetahs have formed an unusual alliance.
猎豹是最敏捷的猫科动物 通常两三只结伴捕猎
These swiftest of cats usually hunt in groups of two or three.
但这次是五只猎豹搭档 是有记载以来最大的猎豹群体
But this team of five is one of the largest ever recorded.
其中包括两对兄弟
Two sets of brothers
还有一只雄性首领
and a lead male.
最近三年来 它们一直共同生活和捕猎
They have now lived and hunted together for almost three years.
它们团结协作 占据了
By teaming up, they can hold
这片地区的最佳领地
the best territory in the area.
但即便如此 要供养五张嘴 每次捕猎都至关重要
But, even so, with five mouths to feed, every hunt is very important.
它们已经连续三天没有进食了
They haven't eaten for three days.
想获得猎物 它们必须不被觉察地进入距离猎物
To make a kill, they must get within 30 metres of their quarry
30米的范围内
without being detected.
灌木丛遮蔽
Thick cover.
这对它们大有帮助
That will help them.
转角牛羚 几乎有猎豹的3倍大
Topi - nearly three times their size...
它们身体强壮 足以击退一头狮子
...and quite strong enough to fight off a lion,
更别说一只猎豹了
let alone a single cheetah.
如今在开阔地带
Now out in the open...
每靠近一步 猎豹们的成功几率就增加一分
...every step the cheetahs take increases their chance of success.
牛羚四散而逃 猎豹分头展开追击
The herd scatter, and the team splits up.
但它们距离目标还不够近
But they didn't get close enough.