国家地理：鸟瞰印度（2020）

on the opposite side of the country, in the far northeast.
曼尼普尔邦 洛克塔克湖
现在是洛克塔克湖的清晨
It's early morning on Loktak Lake.
一个学生划船抵达她就读的小学
A student arrives by boat at her elementary school.
但这里和印度其他学校不同 因为它会漂浮
But this school is unlike any other in India because it floats.
是该国第一所漂浮学校
The first of its kind in the country.
从空中鸟瞰洛克塔克湖
A bird's eye view of Loktak reveals that the lake is covered in patches
可看到湖面上覆盖着 一片片漂浮的植被
of vegetation floating on the surface of the water.
有的是圆圈状
Some are circular.
有的形状比较不规则
Others are more irregular in shape
支撑着学校等结构
and support structures like the school.
这些岛屿叫做漂浮岛
These islands are called Phumdis.
梅泰人生活在岛上已有千百年
The Meitei people have lived on them for hundreds of years.
漂浮岛的组成是厚实的泥土
The phumdis are made up of thickened soil,
植被和腐烂到不同程度的有机物
vegetation and organic matter in various stages of decay.
他们在漂浮岛上建造住家 称为封姆桑
On these phumdis, they build their homes, called Phumsangs.
在洛克塔克湖上 梅泰人开创了一种特殊的养鱼方法
At Loktak Lake, the Meitei have pioneered a unique fish-farming technique.
他们将漂浮岛切割成狭长的矩形
They cut the phumdis into rectangular strips
再排成名叫“阿塔帕姆”的圆圈
and arrange them in circular shapes called athaphums.
阿塔帕姆固定后 他们就在圈内撒网
Once the athaphum is anchored, a net is cast within it.
养殖鱼类是梅泰人的主要收入来源
Fish farming is the Meitei's primary source of income.
在这里 渔民创造生计的方法是
Here, fishermen make their livelihood by catching
每年捕获136万公斤的鱼
6.6 million pounds of fish every year.
洛克塔克湖是印度东北部 最大的淡水水体
Loktak Lake is the largest body of fresh water in northeast India.
涵盖246平方公里 但是平均深度只有2.7米
It covers 95 square miles but it's just 8.8 feet deep on average.
最大的岛面♥积♥39平方公里
The largest island spreads across an area of 15 square miles
岛上是凯布尔·拉姆乔国家公园
and supports the Keibul Lamjao National Park.
世上唯一的漂浮国家公园
The only floating national park in the world.
目前洛克塔克湖与周边区域
Today, Loktak Lake and the surrounding area is in line to become
是联♥合♥国♥教科文组织世界遗产候选地
a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
这名年幼学生的放学时间到了
As the school day comes to an end for this young student,
她划船回家
she journeys home by boat, across this unique ecosystem she calls home.
穿过这个她称为家乡的独特生态系
印度面♥积♥占全球陆地的2.4%
India covers 2.4% of the Earth's land mass.
该国有一些最壮观的景色 是淡水塑造出来的
Some of the nation's most spectacular landscapes are molded by freshwater.
然而 某种始于咸水海洋的天气现象
Yet, it is a weather phenomenon that begins over the salty ocean
才是支配印度人生活的最大因素
that dictates the lives of Indians more than any other.
它在喀拉拉邦西南海岸登陆
It makes landfall over the State of Kerala, on the southwest coast.
喀拉拉邦 维锡尼加姆
印度的季风
The Indian monsoon.
供水给这些土地至少已有四千万年
It has watered these lands for at least 40 million years.
这种天气型态 带来印度近八成的年雨量
This weather pattern delivers nearly 80% of India's annual rainfall.
涨起河川并灌溉作物
It swells rivers and irrigates crops.
季风是印度数百万农民的依靠
Monsoon is the lifeline for India's millions of farmers.
现在是维锡尼加姆村一个六月天清晨
It's early June morning in the village of Vizhinjam.
库马朗和叔叔正准备去捕鱼 他们每天都去
Kumaran and his uncle are preparing to go fishing, as they do every day.
阿♥拉♥伯海的浪涌强劲
The powerful swells of the Arabian sea can sometimes make
在维锡尼加姆港外捕鱼 有时很困难
catching fish off Vizhinjam harbor, a big challenge.
今天 库马朗不只要与海况对抗
And today, Kumaran has to battle more than just the moods of the sea.
乌云显示某种事件即将来临
The dark clouds signal the approach of an occurrence
它每年都从海上袭来
that sweeps in from the ocean every year.
暴雨天对库马朗这样的渔民是个麻烦
The stormy weather poses a problem for fishermen like Kumaran.
雨对每个人都是恩赐
Rain is a boon for everyone.
但是下雨时 我们捕的鱼会不够
But, we don't get enough fish when it's raining.
我们的家人会因此挨饿好几天
Our families starve for many days because of this.
库马朗 渔民
有时我们会在下雨天捕到很多鱼
On some days, we get good amount of fish when it's raining...
但多数时候并非如此
But, most of the days we don't.
库马朗和他的船员航行出海
Kumaran and his crew venture far out to sea.
季风将至 令大海起伏不定
The coming monsoon makes the sea choppy.
突发的豪雨 几分钟就能把船淹没
Sudden downpours could flood the boat within minutes.
在维锡尼加姆近海 库马朗和他的船员
Off the coast of Vizhinjam, Kumaran and his crew
看到致命风暴在远方酝酿
see the deadly storm brewing in the distance.
库马朗必须运用世代传承的知识
Kumaran must use the wisdom handed down to him through generations
撑过这次与大自然的冲突 并将渔获带回家
to survive this encounter with nature and bring home the catch.
我们藉由观察云有多黑来知道风向
By seeing how dark a cloud is, we understand in which direction the wind is flowing.
长年下来 长辈教会我们在出海时
Over the years, our elders have taught us how to use the clouds as a guide
以云为指引 知道该往哪个方向去
to determine what direction to take when we're out at sea.
我们出航与返航时 都会牢牢记住
So, we venture out into the sea and come back keeping this in mind.
现在云层告诉库马朗 大雨即将来临
Now the clouds tell Kumaran that the heavy rain is approaching.
该返回维锡尼加姆港了
It is time to return to Vizhinjam harbor.
库马朗与船员收起网线
Kumaran and his crew haul their lines.
安全回到海滩后 他们清点今天的工作成果
Safely back on the beach, they take stock of their day's work.
他们捕到很多鱼
They have a good catch, one that is large enough to feed their families
足够在接下来的淡季供家人食用...
over the lean days that lie ahead,
甚至还有多的鱼能在市场贩卖♥♥
and even have some leftover fish to sell in the market.
季风从海上向北吹袭整个印度
The monsoon sweeps from the ocean northwards across India.
东北部美加雷雅邦的山区
The mountains in Meghalaya in the northeast of the country
将暖湿空气推到约1220米的高空
push the warm moist air above 4,000 feet.
然后 凝结的云迸开...
The condensing clouds then burst
每年倾泻十米以上的雨量
and dump over 450 inches of rainfall
到下方的土地上
each year on the land below.
结果形成地球上最潮湿的地方...
The result is the wettest place on Earth
美加雷雅邦
也为居民带来一种独特的挑战
and a unique challenge for the people who live here.
美加雷雅邦是卡夕人的家乡...
Meghalaya is home to the Khasis, an indigenous tribe
这个原住民部落世代靠这片土地过活
who have lived off this land for generations.
艾尔宾是山上土生土长的卡夕人
Elbin is a Khasi born and raised in these hills,
住在乞拉朋吉附近的一座村庄
living in a village near Cherrapunji.
他以搬运工为业 步行搬运生活必需品
He works as a porter and carries vital supplies by foot
沿着一个古老山径网络 往来于聚落间
between communities along a network of ancient mountain paths.
不过艾尔宾一路上 得通过很大的天然障碍
But Elbin must negotiate big natural obstacles along the way.
从空中可看出 水如何形塑这里的崎岖地势
A View from the air reveals how water shaped the rugged terrain here.
艾尔宾必须穿越 急流在岩石上雕凿出的陡峭峡谷
Elbin must cross steep-sided gorges carved into the rock
才能抵达目的地
by fast-flowing streams to reach his destination.
季风雨期间
狂暴的洪流灌入瀑布...
During the Monsoon rains, these raging torrents of water feed into waterfalls
完全无法涉过
and are impossible to wade across.
聚落可能会被完全孤立
Entire communities can be cut off.
但是卡夕人想到一个巧妙的解决方法
But the Khasi people have come up with an ingenious solution.
橡胶树根做成的桥梁
Bridges made from the roots of rubber trees.
乞拉朋吉的雨量最多...
Cherrapunji receives the highest rainfall...
所以我们的祖先打造了这种树根桥
Hence, our ancestors made these root bridges.
艾尔宾 卡夕人
如果没有树根桥
If the root bridges didn't exist,
我们就无法往来各地
we wouldn't be able to move from one place to another...
因为河流泛滥
since it gets flooded.
卡夕人在这里打造树根桥已超过百年
The Khasi people have built root bridges here
for over 100 years.
建材是在山上的瘠土中 长粗之后暴露在外的树根
They are made from exposed roots that grow big in the thin mountain soil.
卡夕人让树根往溪流对岸长
The Khasi train these roots to grow across the streams.
然后造桥者把一些树根绑在一起 做成平台
The bridge builders then rope together multiple roots to make platforms,
穿过竹竿
threading them across bamboo poles.
树根缠结 长得更坚固 数十年下来随着树木长大
They intertwine and grow stronger to make sturdy decks
成为稳固的底板
as the trees age over the decades.
最后竹竿会被移除
Eventually, the bamboos are removed.
成熟的树根桥可长达76米
A mature root bridge can stretch up to 250 feet long.
能同时乘载35人
It can hold as many as 35 people at one time.
因为有这些巧妙的树根桥
Thanks to these ingenious root bridges,
艾尔宾才能安全越过
Elbin can safely cross the rivers that become swollen
雨季期间暴涨的河流
during the monsoon season
将物资运给美加雷雅山区各地的
and deliver supplies to Khasi villagers
卡夕族人
across the mountains in Meghalaya.
印度所在的陆块原是独♥立♥大♥陆♥
The land mass containing India was its own separate continent
直到五千万年前
until 50 million years ago.
这块大♥陆♥与欧亚大♥陆♥碰撞 形塑出印度的地景...
The aftermath of its collision with Eurasia shaped India's landscape
久而久之 非凡的地质组成
and over the years, mighty geological formations
创造了该国各地的诸多自然奇景
have crafted many wonders of nature across the nation.
中♥央♥邦
其中一处位于印度中部的
One such site is situated in the heart of the country
中♥央♥邦
in the State of Madhya Pradesh.
此刻是贝达加特的清晨
It's early morning in Bhedaghat.
一群男孩聚集在纳马达河上的 一座悬崖顶端
A group of boys gather atop a cliff above the Narmada River.
他们30米高的跳水台 由大理石柱构成
The boys' 100 foot tall diving platform is made from a stack of marble.
这些岩石起初是化石层 经过千百万年的堆栈
The rock started life as layers of fossil laid down over millions of years.