了解宇宙是如何运行的（2010）

How the Universe Works S10E03

Part 1 Aug. 5, 2022, 5:04 p.m.

科学家们相信在太空深处有一种隐藏的物质
Scientists believ
there is a hidden substance
deep in space
在维持着宇宙的运行
that keeps the cosmos runnin
真有这样的物质吗？
But is that substance real?
我们从未见过暗物质，它完全看不见
We've never seen dark matter,
it's completely invisible,
但我们知道它必须存在
but we know
that it has to be there.
你不仅看不见它，也不能真正触摸它，品尝它，或闻到它
Not only can you not see it,
you couldn't really touch it
or taste it, or smell it,
然而，它就在我们周围，它影响着我们所做的一切
and yet it is all around us
it affects everything
that we do.
经过几十年的探索
After searching
for decades,
我们仍然不了解这种令人费解的物质
we still don't understand
this inexplicable substance
[德拉姆]我们知道暗物质就在那里，因为我们感觉到它强大的引力脉冲
[de Rham] We know dark matte
is there because we feel
its strong gravitational pul
但它不想和我们说话
but it just doesn't
want to talk to us.
有证据表明，暗物质
There's evidence
that dark matter
占宇宙中所有物质的85%
makes up 85%
of all the matter
in the universe.
我们可以看到暗物质将星系聚集在一起
We can see dark matter
holding galaxies together
并撕裂其他结构，我们甚至可以看到它弯曲光线
and ripping
other structures apart,
we even see it bending light.
暗物质自宇宙诞生以来就一直存在
Dark matter itself has been
around since the beginning
of the universe.
没有暗物质，我们就不会在这里
Without dark matter,
we wouldn't be here.
但如果你看不见暗物质
But if you can't
see dark matter
也摸不到它，那么它们真实存在吗？
and if you can't touch it,
does it really exist?
宇宙是如何运行的
第十季第3集追踪暗物质
这是毕星团
The Hyades
star cluster.
这个由700颗恒星组成的家族，距离地球有150光年的距离
This family of 700 stars
is 150 light years from Eart
在宇宙尺度上，就好像是在我们的后院
At the scale of the universe
it's in our backyard.
毕星团确实离地球很近
Hyades is actually
close enough to Earth
你可以用肉眼就能看到它
that you could see it
with your naked eye.
当你抬头仰望夜空时
When you look up
at the night sky,
毕星团位于金牛座，是V字形状
Hyades is in that V-shape
in Taurus the Bull.
在其6.5亿年的一生中
For most
of its 650-million-year
lifetime,
毕星团家族一直过着和平的生活
the Hyades enjoyed
a peaceful existence.
但有东西打破了平静
But something
is breaking the calm.
毕星团是我们在整个天空中
The Hyades cluster
is one of the most
well-studied clusters of stars
研究得最为深入的星团之一
we have in the entire sky
and yet there's something
然而有一种非常神秘的东西正在发生
very deeply mysterious
going on.
两条星尾从星团中心延伸出来
Two star tails
extend from the cluster
center,
它们应该大致相等，但其中一条尾巴正在流失恒星
they should be roughly equal
but one tail
is hemorrhaging stars.
有东西扰乱了它，并对对它施加了一种力
Something is disrupting it,
there's something exerting
a force on it
把恒星从轨道上扯了下来
that's ripping stars
out of their orbits.
具有巨大引力的物体
Something
with immense
gravitational pull
经过星团并夺走了
has passed by the cluster
星团中的恒星
and robbed it of stars.
为了在万有引力的作用下把恒星从毕星团这样的物体中拉出来
In order to be gravitationally
pulling stars out
of an object like Hyades,
你需要有一个难以置信的大质量结构
you need to have an incredibly
massive structure,
高达太阳质量的1000万倍
as much as 10 million times
the mass of the sun.
这个可怕的宇宙劫匪应该可以被发现
This monstrous
cosmic mugger
should still be visible,
但当我们把望远镜
but when we point
our telescopes
指向它应该在的地方时，那个区域是空的
to where it should be,
that region is empty.
那里什么都没有，我的意思是一无所有
There's nothing there
and I mean nothing.
不是一点点，或是一些黑暗的东西，或是一些小东西
And not a little bit
or something dark,
or something small,
实际上我们什么也看不见
but there's literally
nothing that we can see.
我们知道那外面有什么东西，但看不见，并且很强大
We know somethin
is out there,
invisible and powerful.
每当我们目睹这些看不见的袭击时
And whenever we witness
these unseen assaults,
一个主要的“嫌疑犯”就会被叫进来
a prime suspect
gets called in,
一个物理学的幽灵
a phantom of physics,
暗物质
dark matter.
那么，对于这个神秘的宇宙物质，我们可以自信地说些什么呢？
So what can we confidently s
about this mysterious
cosmic substance?
它不发光、不反射光，也不吸收光
It does not emit light,
it does not reflect light,
it does not absorb light.
关于暗物质，我们只知道它有引力
The only thing we know
about dark matter
is that it has gravity.
我们甚至都不确定它是否是物质
We're not even really sure
it's matter at all.
我们仅仅只是知道它有引力
It's just that that's the only
thing we know,
that it has gravity.
我们可能即看不见也摸不到暗物质
We may not be abl
to see or touch dark matter
但我们很擅长在宇宙中找到它的“指纹”
but we are very good
at finding its fingerprints
all over the universe.
我们可以看到暗物质利用引力来破坏和束缚结构
We can see dark matter's
use of gravity to break
and bind structures
几十年来我们一直在观察它的作用
and we've been spotting
its handiwork for decades.
让我们回到1933年
Let's rewind back to 1933.
瑞士裔美国物理学家弗里茨·兹威基
Swiss-American physicist,
Fritz Zwicky tracks
strange movements
在一个名为后发星系团的遥远星系群中追踪奇怪的运动
in a far off collection
of galaxies called
the Coma cluster.
他知道他没有看到全部情况
He knows he's not
seeing the whole picture.
一些星系正以令人费解的速度围绕星团加速
Some galaxies are speeding
around the cluster
at inexplicably fast rates.
[布洛克]兹威基观察着这些星系
[Bullock] Zwicky is looking
at these galaxies
如果那里唯一的质量是你能看到的那些星系
and if the only mass
that was there were the other
galaxies you can see,
你会认为这些星系以每秒50英里的速度运动
you would expect
these galaxies to be moving
at about 50 miles a second,
那么它们就会相互束缚而不会分开
then they would stay bound
to each other
and not fly apart.
正相反，他看到它们以每秒1000英里的速度移♥动♥
Instead, he sees them moving
at 1,000 miles a second.
在这样的速度下
At these velocities,
星系团的星系应该像烟花的火花一样飞舞
galaxies should be flying of
the cluster like sparks
from fireworks.
兹威基意识到必须有额外的东西
Zwicky realized there had
to be extra stuff,
用他的话来说，邓克尔物质
in his words, Dunkle Materie
暗物质
Dark matter.
暗物质
Dark matter.
暗物质
Dark matter.
很明显，兹威基的后发星系团不是一个孤立的案例
It becomes clear
that Zwicky's Coma cluster