生命之色（2021）

来到了苏格兰的凯恩戈姆山，找寻一种非常特别的鸟
Here, I met Jim Cornfoot,
在这里 我遇到了吉姆·康恩福特
a land manager
他是一个土地管理人
and an expert on the natural history of these mountains.
也是这片山脉自然历史方面的专家
How long have you been here now?
你在这里有多久了？
Over 30 years since I started up here, so…
从我来到这里30多年了 所以…
I've seen a lot of different changes.
我看到了很多不同的变化
In what way?
是什么呢？
On the Cairngorm Plateau,
在凯恩戈姆高原上
there's areas where we have snow patches lasting all year round,
有些地方终年有雪迹
but if you look at the last 20 years,
但是如果你回顾过去20年
there's five, six times where the snow's completely gone.
有五六次 那些雪都完全不见了
And, you know,over sort of 200, 250 years,
在过去的200、250多年里
there's only been seven times that that's happened.
只发生过七次
Has that had a great effect on the wildlife?
这对野生动物影响很大吗？
They're out of kilter, basically,with what's going on around them.
因为身边发生的这些事情，它们的状态基本上都不太好
Things like mountain hare, ptarmigan,
像是山兔、松鸡之类的动物
they're standing out with the browns and the heather behind them.
会被身后的棕色岩石和石南属植物衬得很明显
And they're still white?They're still white, yes.
-它们还是白色的吗？-对 还是白色的
They're not set up for that,
它们没准备好
so if it's a very poor winter,you know, they're suffering.
如果这个冬天很糟糕 它们也会惨了
Ptarmigan, a kind of grouse,
雷鸟是一种松鸡
live year-round in this exposed environment,
全年生活在裸♥露♥的环境里
where there are few places to hide.
在那里 它们几乎没有藏身之地
But now, as the world warms,
但是现在 随着气候变暖
things are changing dangerously.
一切变得危险起来
The recent decrease in snow cover
最近积雪的减少
has made them only too conspicuous.
让它们显得过于明显
Animals like this mountain hare,
像这样的山兔
also in its winter coat,
还穿着冬装
can be seen from far away.
隔老远就能被看见
And that makes life very hazardous.
会让它的生命变得十分危险
These changes are affecting animals
这些变化影响了
all around the northern hemisphere.
所有在北半球的动物
In North America,
去北美洲
the reduced snow cover has caused snowshoe hares
积雪减少导致北美野兔
to be mismatched, on average,
在平均一年一周的情况下
for a week a year.
变得格格不入
During this time,
在这段期间
the hare is 10% more likely to end up as someone else's dinner.
野兔有10%的更大可能变成其他动物的晚餐
By the end of the century,
根据预测 到本世纪末
the loss of snow cover is predicted to expose the hares
积雪的消失
for up to eight weeks a year,
会让野兔一年中有八个星期被暴露出来
so increasing their annual mortality
这样会让它们每年的死亡率
by almost a quarter.
几乎增加四分之一
Unless they can adapt rapidly,
除非它们能很快调整
they could be in serious danger of extinction.
否则就会面临严重的灭绝危险
While a warming climate is causing problems in northern habitats,
当温暖的气候给北方居民惹来麻烦的时候
it's also driving colour changes in other parts of the world…
也会促使世界另一端的颜色发生改变…
including some of the most beautiful,colour-rich habitats on our planet.
比如我们星球上最美丽色彩最斑斓的栖息地
Coral reefs.
珊瑚礁
Our Australian team spent months filming on the Great Barrier Reef.
我们的澳大利亚团队在大堡礁拍摄了几个月
In these sunlit waters,
在阳光普照的水域里
colour is everywhere.
到处都是颜色
But this habitat is being subjected
但是 这个栖息地也在经历着
to the most drastic colour change imaginable.
无法想象的剧烈颜色变化
And our crew witnessed it firsthand.
我们的团队亲眼目睹了这一切
The corals have suddenly turned into white skeletons.
珊瑚突然间变成了白色的骷髅
It's called coral bleaching,
这被称作珊瑚白化
and it's now happening only too frequently.
只是现在发生得太频繁了
On the Great Barrier Reef,
在大堡礁
such events have increased from once in every 25 years
这样的事情 以前每25年才发生一次
to three events in the last five.
但最近的五年里 已经发生了三次
Prof. Jörg Wiedenmann,from the Coral Reef Laboratory
南安普顿大学珊瑚礁实验室的
at the University of Southampton,
约尔格·维德曼教授
has been working to discover what is behind these changes.
一直在努力找寻发生这些变化背后的原因
The key is the relationship between coral and the microscopic algae
它的关键是珊瑚和活在它们组织里的微小藻类之间
that live in their tissues.
有什么关系
These algal partners are called symbionts.
这些藻类伙伴被称为共生体
It's they that give the coral its colour.
是它们让珊瑚有了颜色
The algae, when they photosynthesise during the daylight hours,
藻类
use sunlight to grow,
会利用阳光生长
excreting sugars as a byproduct,
并分泌出副产品糖分
which are then absorbed by the corals.
糖分会在之后被珊瑚吸收
This partnership was established during the time of the dinosaurs
这种伙伴关系从恐龙时代♥开♥始就形成了
and has been such a success that it has created structures
它们合作得如此成功从而形成了从太空中都能看得见的
that are visible from space.
结构体
But warming seas are disrupting this system.
但变暖的海水干扰了这个系统
So when the seawater temperatures rise above a critical threshold,
所以当海水温度升高到一定程度
the photosynthetic machinery of the algal symbionts
藻类共生体的光合作用机制
starts to malfunction.
就会发生故障
They begin to produce toxic compounds,
它们会开始产生有毒的化合物
which cause the corals to expel them from their tissues…
导致珊瑚会从组织中排出藻类…
so the coral loses its colour.
于是珊瑚失去了颜色
It bleaches.
白化
Sometimes, the bleach corals die,
有时 白化的珊瑚会死去
and then the entire ecosystem,
然后整个生态系统
together with everything it supports,
连同所有由它支撑的一切
is lost.
全部会消失
Almost half of the corals in the Great Barrier Reef
大堡礁几乎有一半的珊瑚
have died this way over the last 15 years.
在过去15年都以这种方式死去了
But, in the last decade,
但是 在过去的十年里
there have been reports from various parts of the world
有一些报告称世界上多处地点的珊瑚
of coral developing startling neon colours.
都变成了令人吃惊的霓虹色
We are just beginning to realise
我们才开始意识到
that corals are using colour to fight back.
珊瑚开始用颜色反击了
Jörg is studying how this works.
约尔格正在研究这是怎么回事
This coral has lost its algal symbionts,
珊瑚失去了它的藻类共生体
but instead of turning white,
但是并没有变成白色
it's producing these bright neon green pigments.
而是产生了这些鲜艳的霓虹绿色素
The coral produces these pigments
珊瑚形成这些色素
to protect the remaining algae inside of the tissue
是为了保护组织里剩余的藻类
from excess light stress,
避免过度的光线压力
so they act as a sort of sunscreen for the symbiont algae.
所以这就像是共生物藻类的防晒
This coral sunscreen makes it more likely
这种珊瑚防晒更像是
that the bleached coral will be able to take back its algal partners,
让白化的珊瑚找回自己的藻类伙伴
restoring its food supply, its colour,and helping it to recover.
重新供应食物，重现颜色助它恢复
But even this extraordinary adaptation
但是即使是这样非凡的调整
is not enough to protect coral against all the changes
仍然无法对抗现在面临的种种变化
it is now facing.
无法保护珊瑚
If corals have been exposed only to mild stress,
如果珊瑚只受到轻微的压力
then they can recover from bleaching.
那它们还能从白化中恢复
or extreme levels of heat stress,
但是如果珊瑚面对的是持续极端水平的热量压力
they lose their ability to create these sunscreen pigments
它们会失去产生防晒色素的能力
and are likely to die.
有可能会死亡
And, unfortunately,global warming is making this more likely.
不幸的是，全球变暖正让一切更有可能发生
There's a severe danger that corals will be exposed to episodes of stress
有一种严重的危险是珊瑚们会暴露在连续的压力中
where they can't recover, and they can't use these pigments
它们无法恢复 也不能利用这些色素
to bounce back from bleaching.
无法从白化中快速修复
So, although colour might be helping coral reefs
所以 虽然颜色也许能帮助珊瑚礁
to tolerate some of the change,
去适应一些变化
only action to halt global warming will ensure their survival.
停止全球变暖才是能保证它们活下去的唯一方法
If warming continues, then they,
如果继续变暖
together with the beautiful array of colour they provide,
那么它们会和自己提供的各种美丽颜色一起
will disappear from the reefs of the world.
在珊瑚的世界里消失
Science and technology are continually unravelling
科学和技术在不断解开越来越多
more and more details of the way animals perceive colour and use it.
动物们如何感知和利用颜色的细节
We may marvel at its beauty,
我们也许会惊叹于它的美丽
but for many animals,
但对许多动物来说
it's the key to their existence.
这是它们生存的关键
The more we understand about its function,