生命之色（2021）

是一片猎场
对世界上最引人注目的捕食者们来说
This is the home of the tiger.
这里是老虎的故乡
Tigers have to kill at least once a week if they're not to starve.
如果不想挨饿的话，老虎们每周至少要捕杀一次
They can't run as fast as a deer,their favorite prey
它们不能像自己最爱的猎物鹿那样，跑得那么快
so if they're going to catch one,
所以 如果它们想要抓住猎物
they have to get quite close, unseen,before they charge.
必须要在冲锋前靠得够近，并不被发现
Not this time.
这次没得手
But why are tigers orange with black stripes?
那为什么老虎长着橙黑色条纹呢？
At the University of Bristol's Camouflage Laboratory,
在布里斯托大学的伪装实验室里
scientists John Fennell and Laszlo Talas
科学家约翰·芬内尔和拉斯洛·塔拉斯
have been finding out how tigers are perceived by their prey.
一直在研究老虎如何骗过它们的猎物
To help them test their research,
为了帮助他们检验研究成果
they're joined by Max Hug Williams,
麦克斯·休·威廉姆斯加入了他们
a wildlife cameraman experienced in filming tigers in the wild.
他是一位有着丰富的野外拍摄老虎经历的野生动物摄影师
I've always wondered,"Why are they this bright orange colour?"
我一直在想着：“为什么它们是亮橙色的？”
You'd think they'd stick out from the environment.
我觉得它们在环境中太扎眼了
There's no form of camouflage at all.
完全没有任何的伪装
We tend to think of everything we see only in terms of our own visual system.
我们通常只会根据自己的视觉系统来思考一切
We're pretty good at picking up colour,
我们很擅长分辨颜色
but many animals don't have that.
但很多动物不是这样
And that's true of most mammals, in fact.
事实上 大部分的哺乳动物都是如此
Including deer.
包括鹿
Their eyes lack red receptors,
它们的眼睛里缺乏红色♥色♥彩受体
so are only sensitive to blue and green light.
所以只对蓝♥光♥和绿光敏感
Deer, in common with around 5% of human beings,
鹿和5%的人类一样
are red-green colour-blind,
属于红绿色盲
and to them,orange and green look very much the same.
对它们来说，橙色和绿色看起来很像
John and Laszlo are working with glasses
约翰和拉斯洛用眼镜
that allow us to see in much the same way as deer do.
帮助我们感受鹿的视野
They could give Max an idea of how they view the world.
他们可以让麦克斯了解到鹿是如何看待世界
Before you look at tigers,we thought it would be useful
在看老虎之前，我们想做一个标准测试
to do a standard test.
这会有所帮助
And your task is to read out the number that you see.
你的任务是念出你看到的数字
So we got a-- That's a 74.
所以 我们…这是74
And in the middle there, 15,popping out from the orange.
从橙色中间跳出来的是15
How about that one?Three?
-那个是?-3?
Max started well,
麦克斯开局不错
but putting on the glasses made things much more difficult.
但是戴上眼镜事情变得困难多了
Wow.
哇哦
That's just completely…
这完全是…
completely disappeared.
完全消失
Can't pick out those numbers at all now.They're just gone.
现在完全看不见数字，数字消失了
Twenty-nine.
Without the glasses, nothing.
不戴眼镜不知道
With the glasses-- Amazing.
戴上眼镜吓一跳
It completely vanishes.Those numbers have gone.
它消失了 那些数字不见了
The glasses are effectively filtering out the red lights.
眼镜过滤了红光
That's amazing.
太厉害了
So a deer would not see these numbers at all.
所以 鹿根本看不到这些数字
of a tiger stalking in the wild
麦克斯的下一个任务是看一看老虎在野外潜行的照片
and try to point it out as quickly as possible.
然后试着尽快把它找出来
Right.You ready to go?
-好-准备好了吗？
Let's go.
开始吧
Right, there's one.
好了 这里有一只
Okay, there's a tiger. Top right.
好了 那里有一只老虎，右上角
That's easy.
很简单
Right bottom. Right there behind the bush.
右下角 在树丛后面
Getting my eye in now.
我看到了
So how am I doing?You're doing pretty well, Max.
-我做得怎么样？-你做得很不错 麦克斯
Your time is probably an average of about two seconds per frame.
你的用时平均是每张图两秒
Is that good? Sharpshooter?It's good.
-还不错吗？算神枪手吗？-挺好 算
It's not surprising that Max,
野生摄影师麦克斯能很快看到动物
a wildlife cameraman,was fast to spot an animal,
并不会让人感到意外
but could he do as well
但是戴上模拟鹿视角的眼镜
with the deer vision glasses,which render him colour-blind?
让他变成色盲，他还能表现这么好吗？
Everything's green.This is just ridiculous.
一切都是绿色 真是太夸张了
It just completely disappeared.Yeah.
-真的全都消失了-对
It's amazing.
好厉害
So this is what a deer would be seeing?
所以 这是鹿看到的样子？
Yes, that's right.
对 是这样
As soon as there's vegetation,
只要那里有植物
it's nearly impossible.
就几乎看不见
Top… top left.
左上角
Where is the…
哪里有…
Wow.
哇哦
I'm guessing I didn't do well.
我估计自己做得不太好
Yes, you were about half the speed you were
没错 比起没戴眼镜的时候
when you did this without the glasses on.
你的速度比之前慢一倍
That time difference might equate to as much as a seven-metre difference
这种时间差大概相当于老虎攻击猎物
for the tiger when it's attacking its prey.
多提供了长达七米的距离
So tigers don't look orange to deer,
所以 对鹿来说 老虎不是橙色
but why aren't they green?
那为什么老虎不长成绿色呢？
All kinds of very different animals,
许多种不同的动物
birds, reptiles, amphibians, insects,
鸟类、爬行动物、两栖动物、昆虫
are coloured green.
都有绿色的
So why aren't tigers?
那为什么老虎不是？
Well, tigers are mammals,
这是因为老虎是哺乳动物
and the pigments in mammalian hair and fur come from just two substances,
哺乳动物皮毛中的色素只有两种物质来源
eumelanin and pheomelanin.
真黑素和褐黑素
It is actually biochemically impossible for a…
事实上 从生物化学上来说
to manufacture green colour using these two pigments.
这两种色素无法形成绿色
So we suspect that evolution came up with the next best thing,
所以 我们觉得进化已经产生了相对最好的结果
to make the tiger's fur orange-brown,
让老虎长出了橙褐色皮毛
which actually looks the same colour to its prey.
这在猎物眼中和绿色是一样的颜色
Amazing.
厉害
So, while mammals can't be green,they've evolved alongside the prey
也就是说虽然哺乳动物无法长成绿色，但它们已经针对猎物
to become the perfect,camouflaged killing machine.
成为了最佳伪装的杀“鹿”机器
Tigers are just as colour-blind as deer.
老虎和鹿一样是色盲
So a tiger doesn't even know that it's orange.
所以 甚至老虎不知道自己是橙色的
Luckily, Max does.
幸运的是 麦克斯知道了
我才不会带上这些东西
下次拍摄时
You can't see anything.That's wise.
-什么都看不到了-做得对
I think you'd be dinner.
我怕你会成为老虎的晚餐
Whilst tigers use colour to become inconspicuous,
在老虎靠着颜色保持低调的时候
another very different animal uses colour in a very different way.
还有一种非常不同的动物，通过截然不同的方式利用了颜色
The poison dart frog.
箭毒蛙
It's no bigger than a fingernail,
它还没有指甲盖大
and the skin of some species contains a poison so powerful
有几种箭毒蛙的皮肤里包含着特别厉害的毒素
that local people used it to tip their blow-pipe darts.
被当地人用来抹在飞镖箭头上
The strawberry poison dart frog is not quite so lethal,
草莓箭毒蛙并不会致命
but toxic nonetheless.
但依然有毒
They live on a remote archipelago called Bocas del Toro in Panama.
它们生活在叫做博卡斯德尔托罗的巴拿马偏远群岛上面
Dr. Yusan Yang
杨雨珊博士
has been researching the function that colour plays in their lives.
一直在研究颜色如何在这些动物生活中起作用
because the strawberry poison dart frogs here--
因为这里的草莓箭毒蛙…
On different islands,you have all kinds of different colour.
在不同的小岛上 颜色各不相同
They're not slight differences in colour.They're dramatic differences.
这不是颜色上细小的差别，而是强烈的差异
We have red frogs, we have yellow frogs,we have green, we have blue.
我们有红蛙、黄蛙，还有绿蛙和蓝蛙
They look different,but they're the same species.
它们看起来很不一样，但是属于同一物种
These are the most varied and brightly coloured frogs in the world,
它们是世界上最多样，颜色最鲜艳的青蛙
and Yusan has been running experiments
雨珊一直在进行实验
to find out the significance of their wide colour range.
来探究各种不同颜色的意义
She's made robot frogs to test how the territory holders react
她制♥作♥了机器人青蛙来测试领主们对不同颜色的青蛙
to different-coloured individuals.
会有什么样的反应
These arexa03D-printed model frogs,and I hand-painted them,
这些是3D打印的青蛙模型，由我手绘而成
so that they look like the different colour types we found on these islands.
所以它们看上去和这些岛屿上的青蛙是不同种类的颜色
Her equipment enables her
她的设备能够模拟出入侵领地的情景
She glues the 3D-printed model onto a motor arm
她把3D打印的模型粘在移♥动♥架上
so that she can control its movements.
这样她就可以控制它的运动
Then she plays the frogs' call,
然后 她会播放青蛙的叫声
which is the same on all the islands.