进化的地球（2023）

Only about 1 in 5 hunts is successful,
但是像这样的捕食者的存在
but just the presence of a predator like this
可以改变所有鸟的行为
can change the behavior of all the guanacos.
[咆哮]
[braying]
科学家称之为
Scientists call it
恐惧的生态
an ecology of fear.
鸟粪不再呆在原地，
The guanacos no longer stay put,
只在一个地方过度放牧
overgrazing in just one spot.
恐惧让他们继续前行
The fear keeps them moving.
就像塞伦盖蒂的角马，
Like the wildebeest of the Serengeti,
他们现在正在更大的区域放牧，搅动土壤，
they are now grazing larger areas, churning up the soil,
这是一种古老节奏的回归
and it's this return of an ancient rhythm
在动物和植物之间
between the animals and the plants
这对景观产生了惊人的影响，
that is having this startling effect on the landscape,
导致草原回归
causing the grasslands to return.
美洲狮的影响有多大，我怎么说都不为过
I can't overstate how big an effect the pumas
在这里
are having here.
改变的不仅仅是草
It's not just the grass that is transformed
而是整个生态系统
but the whole ecosystem.
即使是一次杀戮，当他们成功的时候，
Even a single kill, when they pull it off,
导致一系列事件向该系统提供信息
causes a cascade of events that feeds this system.
这些杀戮远远超出了他们的承受能力
These kills are way more than they can eat
一次坐下来
in one sitting.
他们会把剩下的藏起来待会儿...
They'll stash the rest for later...
据估计有200多种
and it's estimated that over 200 species feed
在美洲狮吃了一半的尸体上
upon the pumas' half-eaten carcasses.
很明显，看到这些生命和再生
It's clear to see how all this life and regeneration
如此互连，
is so interconnected,
现在，我们发现
and now, we're identifying that there are
像美洲狮这样的关键物种
keystone species like the puma.
他们的存在和行为至关重要
Their presence and behavior are essential
使草原繁荣起来
for making the grasslands flourish.
动物复活鬼魂栖息地的潜力
The potential for animals to resurrect ghost habitats
直到最近才被真正理解...
has only recently been truly understood...
但是我们离家更近的草原呢...
but what about our grasslands closer to home...
在我们自己的后院？
in our own backyard?
草原是我们人类曾经聚集的地方
Grasslands are where we humans once gathered.
它们是我们文明的发源地
They're where our civilizations were created.
在这里，他们已经成为美国的粮仓
Here, they've become the breadbasket of America.
毫不奇怪，超过一半的美国草原
Not surprisingly, over half of America's grasslands
已经转向农业，
have been turned over to agriculture,
但是这些平原的工业化程度达到了吗
but has the industrialization of these plains reached
不可持续的水平？
unsustainable levels?
我们是不是走得太远了？
Have we gone too far?
如今，只剩下几片原始草原，
Today, only a few pockets of original prairie remain,
然而我们正在发现这样的地方
yet we're discovering places like these
具有非凡的潜力
have extraordinary potential.
他们很富有...
They are rich....
[叽叽喳喳]
[chirping]
多种多样的
diverse...
[嗡嗡]
[buzzing]
充满了生命...
and teeming with life...
我们真的不能失去的地方
places we really can't afford to lose.
让我惊讶的是
[Camille Parmesan] So What's astonishing to me is that
公众真的对草原一无所知，
the public really doesn't know anything about grasslands,
然而对于生态学家来说，草原就像，
and yet to ecologists, grasslands are, like,
如此令人兴奋和重要，
so exciting and fundamentally important,
很明显我们需要保护草原
and it's so obvious we need to preserve grasslands.
它只是给你一种敬畏和神奇的感觉
It--it just gives you a feeling of awe and magic.
[迈克]啊 好的，等一下
[Mike] Agh. [Camille] OK. Hang on.
给我一分钟
Give me a minute.
你能拿出你的蝴蝶网吗？
Can you get out your butterfly net?
哦我需要重新装上一张新网
Oh! I need to put a new net back on.
坚持
Hang on.
[Shane]在这个系列中与我交谈过的所有人中，
[Shane] Of all the people I've talked to in this series,
有一个女人最能激励我
there's one woman who inspires me most
通过观察动物来了解我们的星球...
to understand our planet by looking to the animals...
哦，迈克尔，你戴上这个了吗？
Oh, Michael, did you put this on?
哈哈哈！
Ha ha ha!
迈克尔，过来
Michael, come here.
卡米尔·帕尔马干酪
[Shane] Camille Parmesan.
Y染色体
Y chromosome.
她最喜欢的莫过于闲逛
[Shane] She likes nothing better than hanging out
在草地上，她和丈夫迈克
in the grass, where she and her husband Mike
抓蝴蝶...
catch butterflies...
-啊 蝴蝶在哪里？啊，你好！
-Ah. Here's the butterfly -Where? Ah, hello!
给你
There you go.
没有得到
Didn't get it.
[Shane]或尝试
[Shane] or try to.
还有一个
There's another one.
我失去了她 你看见她了吗？
[Camille] I lost her. Do you see her?
天啊，太快了
God, too fast.
是 啊那里有两个 两个
Yeah. There's two there. Two there.
在这里拿——这里，这里
Here. Take-- here, here.
看起来很有趣...
[Shane] It looks like fun...
她确实成功地打破了僵局
She did manage to make a clean break.
但这是一项严肃的工作...
[Shane] but it's serious work...
40年了...
40 years of it...
[卡米尔]啊！
[Camille] Ah!
[Shane]试图理解这种强大的联♥系♥
[Shane] trying to understand the powerful connection
在陆地和我们的动物之间
between the land and our animals.
耶！
Yay!
是的 [迈克]好的
[Camille] Yeah. [Mike] All right.
哦真酷
Oh. How cool.
特别是这只小蝴蝶
[Shane] This little butterfly in particular
已经证明她是一个优秀的哨兵
has proved for her to be an excellent sentinel
在我们的现代世界
in our modern world.
它们确实为您提供了大量的数据，
They really do give you enormous amounts of data,
所以你可以问他们非常复杂的问题，
so you can ask them very complex questions,
他们回答你
and they answer you.
所以这绝对是一个出色的系统
So it's absolutely a brilliant system to be
做我们正在做的那种研究，
doing the kind of studies we're doing,
它们也是我们的第一个警告
and they're turning out also to be our first warnings
世界正在发生巨大变化！
that the world is changing massively!
这个答案可能太长了
That's probably way too long an answer.
很抱歉当你抓住我的蝴蝶...
Sorry. When you get me on my butterflies...
相信我，我明白
[Shane] Trust me. I get it.
一只蝴蝶比任何一只都响
One butterfly more than any other is sounding
关于这个正在消失的生态系统的警报
the alarm about this vanishing ecosystem.
这只小毛毛虫在大嚼特嚼
This little caterpillar munching away
狼吞虎咽地吃着草原上的一株植物
is gorging on the one plant in the prairie
他可以吃...
that he can eat...
乳草
milkweed.
这种植物对大多数动物都有毒
The plant is toxic to most animals
但不是这个小家伙
but not this little dude.
他贪婪
He is voracious.
他正准备转型...
He's getting ready to transform...
并成为美国最受欢迎的昆虫之一...
and become one of the most beloved insects in America...
帝王蝶
the monarch butterfly.
现在，你可能会认为它们耀眼的橙色翅膀
Now, you might think that their dazzling orange wings
会让它们很容易成为捕食者的目标，
would make them pretty easy targets for predators,
但马利筋能解决这个问题
but the milkweed takes care of that.
这些植物有毒
[Camille] The plants are toxic.
他们使用这种化学物质，并将其隔离
They use that chemistry, they sequester it
进入他们自己
into themselves.
然后它们变得有毒，所以鸟类不会吃它们
Then they become toxic so birds don't eat them
然后飞到下一个种群
and fly on to the next population.
一种完美的共生关系...
[Shane] A perfect symbiotic relationship...
但它受到了威胁
but it's under threat.
更多的土地被用于农业，
More of the land is going under agriculture,
所以马利筋正在减少，