宇宙（2007）

The Universe S05E01

Part 5 April 22, 2021, 1:48 p.m.

In particular, there are hot cells of gas
还从太阳内部
that come out from the interior up,
释放出热能气体
radiate their energy, cool,
散发能量逐渐冷却
and then, come back down.
然后下沉回去
So this convection, as it's called,
这种对流过程
This boiling motion, similar to
这种沸腾运动
what you see in a boiling pot of water,
与水的沸腾非常相似
is occurring near the surface.
是在地表附近发生的
We have never been able to
时至今日
look at the sun's surface
我们终于可以
up close until now.
直视太阳表面
At this very moment,
此时此刻
a new collection of satellites
人造卫星最新采集行动
is capturing images of our home star.
即拍摄我们守护之星的图像
These unprecedented movies make you feel like
这些稀有影像让人感觉
you're an arm's distance away
太阳光球层表面
from touching the sun's visible surface called the Photosphere.
已经触手可及
This is where solar storms
太阳风暴及其他剧烈活动
and other violent phenomena occur.
就发生在这一层
The surface of the sun,
如果你能完好无损的到达太阳表面
if you were somehow able to go there and protect yourself,
你会发现那里
is an incredibly noisy, hot and violent place.
非常嘈杂异常炎热活动的非常猛烈
There are temperatures thousands of degrees.
表层温度高达数千度
There are continuous magnetic storms
还有持续不断的磁暴
that create huge, basically thunder-like sounds.
并伴随雷鸣般的声响
In this new movie,
在最新纪录影像中
NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory
美国太阳动力学观测卫星
recorded a Prominence.
记录了一次日珥爆发
This is a relatively cool, dense cloud of plasma
这是一簇相对低温的等离子
that sits suspended above the solar surface,
受磁力影响
supported by magnec forces.
悬浮于太阳表面
As seen here, Prominences
如图所示
can occasionally rip free and jet into space.
日珥偶尔会断裂并散入太空
Our sun has an incredibly powerful magnetic field.
太阳磁场非常强大
But every now and again,
但是有时候
those field lines become connected to hot spots
这些磁场线会与
on the surface of the sun.
太阳表面热点相连
And as the gas and plasma boils inside the sun,
受太阳沸腾的内部影响
those magnetic field lines can disconnect or break,
磁力线会分离或断开
releasing huge bursts of energy.
释放出巨大能量
And these throw up giant blasts of plasma
引起等离子大爆♥炸♥
That come out along curious looking arcs.
形成的日珥有着奇怪的弧度
But these are actually following
但这些日珥仍循
the magnetic field lines around the sun.
太阳磁力线的轨迹
Eruptive Prominences can occur in tandem
爆发出的日珥也会
with another solar ejection.
与另一个日珥相互串联
That can deliver a double punch,
而对地球的破坏力
if directed at the Earth.
也将加倍
NASA's Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
美国太阳和太阳风层探测器
or SOHO,
即SOHO
recently took dramatic movies
近日拍摄到一组
of Coronal Mass Ejections,
大规模日冕物质抛射
or CMEs.
即CMEs
These massive bubbles of hot ionized gas
这些高温电离气体组成的气泡
contain up to 10 billion tons of solar material.
含有高达一百亿吨♥的太阳物质
They shoot out into space
它们以几百万英里的时速
at speeds of several million miles an hour.
喷向太空
Coronal Mass Ejections are incredibly powerful storms.
日冕物质抛射属于超大型太阳风
They can be as massive as a billion h-bombs,
光是那巨大的能量
just huge amounts of energy.
就比得上十亿颗氢弹
And sometimes those big blobs of plasma strike the Earth
那些等离子射到地球时
and lead to beautiful northern lights, aurorae displays.
会形成美丽的北极光
They can also be very harmful to the Earth.
也会对地球造成相当大的损害
When large Coronal Mass Ejections are blasted toward Earth
当日冕物质抛射产物射向地球时
they can trigger geomagnetic storms.
会触发磁暴
These blobs of ionized particles
这些电离粒子
can damage or even terminate satellites
会损害甚至摧毁卫星
as well as fry our electrical grids.
更会破坏地球上的电网
What's more,
更有甚者
They're extremely hazardous to astronauts
进行太空行走时
when outside of the protection of a spacecraft.
这些粒子会对宇航员造成极大的伤害
The CMEs generate X-Rays.
日冕物质抛射会释放X射线
So, if you're out in space,
因此进行太空行走时
you would get quite a dose of radiation,
如果遇到日冕物质抛射
if you were in one of these CMEs.
会被严重辐射到
Luckily, our atmosphere absorbs most of the X-Rays,
幸运的是大气层吸收了绝大部分射线
and we don't experience the bad effects here
因此在地表
on the surface of the Earth.
不会受到影响
If you're high up in an airplane,
如果你坐飞机
above most of the atmosphere,
飞至大气最顶层
then you can get a larger dose of radiation
一旦受到耀斑侵袭
if there's a large flare hitting the Earth.
你就会被大量辐射
These latest images are chilling reminders
这些最新拍摄的影像令人心生畏惧
that our sun's surface is a force to reckon with.
提醒我们必须时刻关注太阳表面活动
And things may really heat up on our home star
在不久的将来
in the very near future.
太阳表面也许会持续升温
Solar activity runs through an 11-year cycle.
太阳活动以十一年为一个周期
In 2013, our sun will be at the peak of this cycle
2013年将达到顶峰
called the Solar Maximum.
因此也称为太阳峰年
At this time,
此时
the surface of the sun could create the perfect storm.
太阳表面会爆发超级风暴
The sun has had in the past big solar storms
太阳曾经爆发过太阳风
that have knocked out power grids
破坏了地球上的电网
and our communication satellites.
并中断通讯卫星
There will be more storms.
将来也会爆发更多太阳风
They might happen at any time or they may not happen,
在我们这一代甚至接下来的几千年里
you know, in our lifetime or even in the next millennium.
随时都可能爆发也可能再也不爆发
We just don't know.
我们只是不知道
That's one of the exciting things about studying the sun
研究太阳的乐趣就在于
is trying to be able to understand
我们可以逐渐了解太阳
and maybe even predict the storms
甚至可以预测
that we see on the sun.
即将爆发的太阳风
But one thing a solar storm can't destroy
但太阳风暴无法破坏
is number one on our countdown of the seven wonders
太阳系七大奇观中的
of our Solar System,
第一奇观
It's the fifth largest planet.
它是太阳系第五大行星
One tenth of its surface
其十分之一的表面
is permanently covered with ice,
终年覆盖冰雪
And its hot interior has been churning up enough magma
它的内部炽热无比蕴藏着大量岩浆
to keep volcanoes erupting for billions of years.
地表的火山因而持续喷发数十亿年
The exploration of our cosmic neighborhood
太阳系七大奇观探索之旅
climaxes with a touchdown on number one of the seven wonders,
将以第一大奇观压轴
Earth
那就是地球
The Earth, without a doubt,
毫无疑问
is the single greatest wonder in the Solar System.
地球是太阳系独一无二的伟大奇迹
The Earth is so perfect for our existence.
非常适合人类的生存
There's liquid water.
有液态水
There's an atmosphere.
有大气层
There's comfortable temperatures.
有舒适的温度
It's just a great place.
这是个极好的星球
Earth, the third planet from the sun,
地球是距离太阳第三远的行星
is brimming with breathtaking beauty.
其魅力令人窒息
Unlike any other body in the Solar System,
跟太阳系其他天体不同
liquid water covers nearly 2/3 of its surface.
地球有将近2/3的表面被水覆盖
Its continents inherited a diverse landscape,
各大洲陆地景观各不相同
and it's the only planet confirmed
它拥有全宇宙
to support life in all its amazing forms.
最独特的生态环境
Earth has a number of different features
地球许多独有特征
that make it truly unique in our Solar System.
使其在太阳系中变得独一无二
For one thing,
比如说