英国皇家科学院圣诞讲座2020行星地球（2020）

我们需要逆转这个过程
we've got to reverse that process.
我们需要停止抽水 让它们更加湿润
We need to block the drains, get them wetter,
它们会大幅度减少二氧化碳往空气中的释放
and they'll leak a lot less carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
安迪 非常感谢你
Andy, thank you so much for
跟我们分享关于泥炭地的这些内容
sharing all this information about peatlands with us.
大家掌声感谢 安迪·贝尔德
Everybody, Andy Baird.
安迪告诉我们能为泥炭地做的
So Andy told us that the most important things we can do
最重要的两件事 首先
for our peatlands is, first of all,
保护我们现有的
to protect the ones that we have,
其次 我们要让那些退化的泥炭地重新湿润
but secondly, we need to rewet those degraded peatlands
这样它们就不会流失更多二氧化碳
so that they don't lose any more carbon dioxide.
只有让它们重新湿润
OK, it's only by rewetting them
它们才能继续储存二氧化碳
that they can continue to hold on to that carbon dioxide.
这样做的一个好处是如果我们开始恢复
But a bonus of this is that if we start to restore
并修复我们的湿地
and rehabilitate our wetlands,
慢慢地植物会开始重新生长
then the vegetation will start to grow again over time,
泥炭藓这类植物会在这里重新生长
they'll be recolonised by things like sphagnum moss.
这意味着我们的泥炭地会随着时间
And what that means is that our peatlands will, over time,
几十年后 从现在
over decades, between now,
从现在到你们长到我这个年纪
between now and you becoming my age,
它们会重新成为二氧化碳储存地
they'll start to become stores of carbon dioxide again.
它们会从大气中吸收二氧化碳
They'll be removing it from the atmosphere
并安全的储存在泥炭地里
and storing it safely in the peat.
所以泥炭地是我们可以从大气中吸收碳
So peatlands are one of the most amazing ways
并安全地储存下来的
that we can remove carbon from the atmosphere
最精彩的方式之一
and store it safely.
让我们回到这里看看我们的空气
So let's go back and have a look at our atmosphere.
现在 我们已经减慢二氧化碳
So, at the moment, we have slowed the flow of carbon dioxide
进入空气的流量
into the atmosphere.
我们通过恢复泥炭地和我们的自然生态系统
We store more carbon by restoring peatlands
储存了更多碳
and our natural ecosystems.
依旧有一些二氧化碳留在空气中
There is still some carbon dioxide left in our atmosphere,
这意味着变暖会继续
and that means that the warming is going to continue
我们不得不去学会怎样适应气候变化
and we're going to have to learn how to adapt to climate change,
怎样应对它将会带来的影响
how to cope with the impacts that it's going to bring.
所以我们需要理解气候的影响
So we need to understand climate impacts,
我们需要为此预先计划
we need to plan for them,
我们需要通过建造像防洪堤这样的建筑来准备
we need to prepare by building things like flood defences.
我们也要投资于人
But we also need to invest in people
让人们可以更好应对气候变化
and make people better able to cope with climate change.
塔拉镇 塔拉1号♥ 塔拉2号♥
欢迎来到塔拉镇
Welcome to Taraville.
塔拉镇是英国海岸上的一个小镇
Taraville is a small town on the coast of the UK
易被洪水淹没
that's vulnerable to flooding.
让我向你们介绍住在那里的两个塔拉
And let me introduce you to two Taras that live there.
塔拉1号♥ 也就是这个桶
Tara 1, which is this bucket.
塔拉1号♥是一名随遇而安的学生
Tara 1 is our happy-go-lucky student.
她来自一个富裕的家庭
She comes from a well-to-do family.
她住在学生宿舍 在大学里生活愉快
She's living in the halls of residence and having a great time
身体也很健康
at university and she's in really good health.
塔拉2号♥ 相比之下是一名艰苦奋斗的学生
Tara 2, meanwhile, is our struggling student.
她和她的父母还有年迈的爷爷住在家里
She's living at home with her parents and her elderly granddad.
她为了维持生计而兼♥职♥
She's holding down a part-time job to make ends meet,
她患有哮喘 并由于她居住地的
and she suffers from asthma, which is accentuated
糟糕空气而逐渐恶化
by the poor air quality where she lives.
在一个月黑风高的十二月晚上
So, one dark December night,
塔拉镇被洪水淹没
Taraville is hit by a flood.
洪水已经发生
Now, the flood has hit.
马上 两位塔拉都沉到下面的红色♥区♥域
Immediately, both Taras are down in the red zone down here.
他们都因为洪水而危在旦夕
They're both at risk from the flood.
不过让我们稍微倒回去一点儿
But let's rewind a little.
塔拉一号♥收到警告
So Tara 1 got a warning.
她妈妈是市长的朋友 关系很铁
Her mum, who is friends with the mayor and really well connected,
给她打了一个通电♥话♥说 "塔拉 要发洪水了"
gave her a call and said, "Tara, I think it's going to flood."
谁也没有给塔拉二号♥警告
Nobody gave Tara 2 a warning.
塔拉一号♥为洪水做好了准备
Tara 1 was able to prepare for the flood.
她把自己所有的东西都搬到
She took all her belongings upstairs to her friend's room
二楼朋友的家确保安全
on the second floor and kept them safe.
塔拉二号♥什么准备也没有
Tara 2 made no preparations.
与此同时 她吃完晚饭 收拾清理
At the same time, she was tidying up after dinner,
看看她爷爷 然后睡觉
checking on her grandad and going to bed oblivious.
洪水袭来的时候 塔拉一号♥
Tara 1 when the flood hit,
正在楼上和朋友玩睡衣派对
she was upstairs having a slumber party with her friend.
最开始 她是处在
She was starting to be
危险区之外的绿色♥区♥
really out of danger and in the green zone.
那秘 塔拉二号♥在洪水暴发的时候
Tara 2, meanwhile, when the flood hit,
肮脏的洪水冲过她的家
dirty floodwater came through her house.
所有人都冲到楼下试图把爷爷
Everybody rushed downstairs to try and get grandad
拉上楼梯到安全地带
up the stairs to safety.
所有仓促行动和压力都加剧了塔拉的哮喘
All that rushing and the stress accentuated Tara's asthma
情况糟糕透顶
and it was just terrible.
到了早上 塔拉一号♥在打呼
By one in the morning, Tara 1 is snoring,
她在学校公♥寓♥里安然无恙
she's completely safe in her halls of residence.
而塔拉二号♥和她的家人被救上船
Meanwhile, Tara 2 and her family are being rescued in a boat
然后被带到紧急避难所
and taken to an emergency shelter.
第二天早晨 塔拉一号♥检查楼下的房♥间
The next morning, Tara 1 checks her room downstairs,
看到一些小损失 不过她有积蓄
sees there's some minor damage, but, you know, she's got savings
因此她可以换掉这些 而且她有财产保险
so she can replace things and she had contents insurance
所以她没事
on her belongings so she's fine.
塔拉很快就恢复了
Tara bounces back quickly.
她回到绿色♥区♥ 不再有危险
She's up in the green zone, she's no longer at risk.
可是塔拉二号♥ 她第二天都没法回家
But Tara 2, she can't even go home the next day.
她的房♥子被毁了
Her house is ruined.
她家在银行根本没有积蓄
Her family don't have any savings in the bank,
他们也没办法得到保险理赔
and they weren't able to get insurance on their house
因为他们住在洪水高发区
because they live in the flood zone.
塔拉二号♥不得不从大学辍学再找份工作
Tara 2 has to drop out of college to get another job.
爷爷得了肺炎住医院
Grandad is in hospital with pneumonia,
她的家庭回归正常需要好几年
and it's several years before her family get back to normal.
她的生活将一直危机重重
She continues to live at risk.
我们可以做什么来改善这个悲伤的故事呢
So what can we do to make this sad story better?
我们如何让塔拉二号♥面对洪水
How can we make Tara 2 less vulnerable to these floods,
以及这些气候变化时 不那么容易受伤害
to these impacts of climate change?
让我们想想能做的事情
Well, let's think about some things we could do.
第一 如果塔拉镇镇议会
Number one, what if the town
组织起来做点实事
council in Taraville got their act together
修建防洪坝呢
and built some flood defences?
如果他们恢复湿地
And what if they rehabilitated the wetlands
使其能维护自然环境
so that they were able to protect natural,
从而构建自然屏障防止洪灾呢
to create natural protection from flooding?
如果他们建立洪水预警系统
What if they put in place an early warning system
使塔拉可以收到警报短♥信♥
and Tara was able to get a text message on a phone
提醒她洪水马上要来了呢
telling her there was a flood coming?
这些都可以让塔拉不那么容易受伤害
That would make Tara less vulnerable.
如果塔拉及时收到消息
And if Tara got that message in time,
她可以做好准备
she would be able to prepare.
她可以把家里的东西都搬上楼
She'd be able to get all of their belongings upstairs
也可以做好安排送走爷爷
in their house, and she'd be able to arrange for grandad
让他住进护理中心过夜
to go and stay in a care home for the night,
这样爷爷就不会有危险
so he'd be out of danger.
她会利用人际关系打电♥话♥给朋友
And she would use her social connections to call a friend
过来接她和她的父母
to come and pick her up and take her and her parents
到安全的地方过夜
to safety for the night.
如果是这样 第二天塔拉回到家
And this way, when Tara would return to her house the next day,
她会发现损失被减小了
she would find that the damage had been limited,
根本不那么糟糕 而所有损失的
not too bad at all, and what was damaged
都可以有保险理赔
would have been covered by the insurance
因为防洪坝的建立
that she was able to buy because she was eligible
让她具备了购买♥♥保险的条件
for insurance now that the flood defences had been built.
我们采取的这些步骤让塔拉变得更有适应力
As we take these steps to make Tara more resilient,
她面临的风险越来越少